Midterm Review: American Pageant Chapters 1-22

Indian tribes

Native groups before European arrival in America such as the Aztecs

European exploration factors

Economic and political motives driving exploration.

Spanish Armada

1588 fleet

marked decline of Spanish power.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods

English colonization factors

Religious freedom

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in America (1607).

Joint stock companies

Investors pool resources for colonial ventures.

Indentured servants

Laborers contracted for a fixed term.

Headright system

Land grant system to encourage settlement.

House of Burgesses

First legislative assembly in colonial America.

Slavery introduction

Began in English colonies in the 1610s.

Pilgrims vs. Puritans

Separatists seeking religious freedom vs. reformers.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader

envisioned 'City on a Hill'.

Mayflower Compact

1620 agreement for self-governance in Plymouth.

Anne Hutchinson

Challenged Puritan orthodoxy

exiled for beliefs.

Roger Williams

Founded Rhode Island

advocated for religious freedom.

Dominion of New England

Administrative union of New England colonies.

William Penn

Quaker

established Pennsylvania for religious tolerance.

Bacon's Rebellion

Revolt revealing class tensions in Virginia.

Salem witch trials

1692 hysteria

led to executions and trials.

Mercantilism

Economic policy to increase national wealth.

Triangular trade

Trade route linking Europe

Half-Way Covenant

Allowed partial church membership for descendants.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival emphasizing personal faith.

Zenger trial

Established precedent for freedom of the press.

French and Indian War

Conflict over North American territory

British victory.

Proclamation of 1763

Limited colonial expansion westward after war.

Stamp Act

Tax on printed materials

sparked colonial protests.

Boston Massacre

1770 confrontation

heightened anti-British sentiments.

Boston Tea Party

1773 protest against tea tax

led to Intolerable Acts.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

Pamphlet advocating independence from Britain.

Declaration of Independence

1776 document declaring American colonies' freedom.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Ended Revolutionary War

recognized American independence.

Articles of Confederation

First governing document

weak federal authority.

Shays' Rebellion

1786 uprising

highlighted weaknesses of Articles.

Constitutional Convention 1787

Meeting to draft the U.S. Constitution.

Virginia Plan

Proposal for a bicameral legislature based on population.

Federalist Papers

Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments protecting individual liberties.

Washington's Farewell Address

Advised against political parties and foreign alliances.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition doubling U.S. territory.

War of 1812

Conflict with Britain

solidified American independence.

Missouri Compromise 1820

Balanced slave and free states in Congress.

Monroe Doctrine

Policy opposing European colonialism in Americas.

Compromise of 1850

Addressed slavery and territorial issues post-Mexican War.

Dred Scott decision

Supreme Court ruling denying citizenship to slaves.

Emancipation Proclamation

1863 order freeing slaves in rebel states.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Divided South into military districts for governance.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 ruling establishing 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Rise of the KKK

Post-Civil War group promoting white supremacy.

Sharecropping

System keeping freedmen in economic dependency.

Transcontinental railroad

Connected East and West

spurred economic growth.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

Allowed popular sovereignty to decide slavery issue.

John Brown's raid

Attempt to incite slave rebellion at Harpers Ferry.

Lincoln's victory in 1860

Elected president

led to Southern secession.

Freedmen's Bureau

Agency aiding former slaves during Reconstruction.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats opposing the Civil War.

Homestead Act 1862

Granted land to settlers in the West.

Battle of Gettysburg

turning point in the Civil War for the North because Confederate troops were forced to retreat and never invaded the North again.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Townshed Duties

imposed import duties on tea

Quebec Act

Signed in 1774

Albany Congress

(1754) Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.

Transportation Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

Nativists (Know Nothings)

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith

"Burned Over District"

Popular name for Western New York

Sylvester Graham

Early advocate of dietary reform in United States most notable for his emphasis on vegetarianism

father of graham crackers

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent American abolitionist

Transcendentalism (Inner Light)

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's

Webster's 7th of March Speech

Daniel Webster

Lecompton Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas

Election of 1856

Democrats nominated Buchanan

John Browns raid on Harpers ferry

(1859) John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. He hoped to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was quickly defeated by citizens and federal troops. Brown became a villain to southerners who now thought northerners would use violence to end slavery as well as a martyr to some northerners who saw Brown as someone who sacrificed himself for the ideal of freedom for all.

Republican Platform election of 1860

The Republican Party platform stated that slavery would not be allowed to spread any further into the territories. The Republicans also promised to support tariffs that protected Northern industry

Presidential candidates in 1860

-Stephen Douglas (Democrat)
-John Breckinridge (Democrat)
-John Bell (Constitution Union)
-Abraham Lincoln (Republican)

Republican motherhood

term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before

Shay's Rebelion and it's effect

• Farmers vs gov for tax money
• Farmers rebel attack court houses and tax collectors
• Fed gov is no help

The Virginia Plan & The New Jersey Plan

Virginia Plan—Presented by Edmund Randolph and written by James Madison

the plans form the basis of the modern American legislative structure

1st Amendment (Bill of Rights)

Freedom of Religion

9th Amendment

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution