apwh ch14 vocab

Population explosion

A rapid and unprecedented increase in global population caused by falling death rates (due to medical and public health advances) while birth rates remained relatively high.

Green Revolution

An agricultural transformation that boosted food production through mechanization, chemicals, and high-yield crops, enabling populations to grow.

Global urbanization

The large-scale shift of people into cities after 1900, driven by job opportunities, industrialization, and reduced need for rural labor

Megacities

Urban areas with populations over 10 million that expanded rapidly, especially in developing regions.

Labor migration

Movement of people, often from poorer regions to wealthier ones, in search of work and better economic opportunities.

Influenza pandemic

A global outbreak (1918–1919) that spread rapidly through human movement and killed tens of millions.

HIV/AIDS

A late twentieth-century global disease spread through bodily fluids, infecting millions and highlighting unequal access to treatment.

Pan-Arabism

A movement promoting unity and cooperation among Arabic-speaking peoples based on shared culture and language.

Pan-Africanism

An ideology emphasizing unity among African peoples and those of African descent based on shared history and identity.

Cultural globalization

The global spread and exchange of cultural elements like media, language, and food, often influenced by Western culture.

Religious fundamentalism

A movement seeking a return to traditional religious beliefs and practices, often opposing secular and modern influences.

Hindutva

A form of Hindu nationalism promoting a Hindu-centered cultural and political identity in India.

Islamic radicalism

A militant response seeking to organize society and government strictly around Islamic principles, sometimes through violence.

Anthropocene era

The modern age in which human activity is the dominant force shaping the environment on a global scale.

Holocene

The earlier era of stable environmental conditions that allowed agriculture and civilizations to develop.

Climate change

Long-term global environmental changes driven largely by greenhouse gas emissions, causing warming and ecological disruption.

Second-wave environmentalism

A mass environmental movement beginning in the 1960s focused on pollution, sustainability, and limits to growth.

Paris Climate Agreement

An international agreement where countries committed to reducing emissions to limit global temperature rise.