Ap Euro Chapter 17 Enlightment

Mr.Raz Notes

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Enlightment

Culture of questioning status quo and authority

Salons

Places where civilians of all social classes meet to discuss new ideas. Women were excluded from debate in these salons so they created their own.

Avoiding Censorship

Despite [term], new ideas spread using printed materials.

Ideas of Enlightment

Questioned past ideas of poli, econ, gov, and relig using reason and logic.

Thomas Hobbes

Inspired by the English Civil War. Had a massive influence on enlightment. Believe without gov, humans would constantly be at war with each other. Believe in absolute monarchy. The people are the sovereignty of states. He came up with the ideas of Social Contract and State of Nature. He wrote these ideas in Levithan.

John Locke

Believe in the State of Nature and Social Contract as well as state-protected natural rights. He was the father of Liberalism. Thought humans are a black state and their environment affects humans.

Liberalism

Liberty from oppressive gov. Examples are Democracy, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, and the Right to Vote. Opposite of Fascism, Communism, Anarchism. These believe enlightment was bad. Associated with Capitalism.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Thought state of nature is good. Questions source of sovereignty and believed state of nature was better than gov. Humans are born free. Too late to return to state of nature, we need a social contract now. If gov. will stay, they must reflect the general will of the people. Believes limits on richness. Too much richness in things like land = one person has to much power/control. Believed in direct democracy. An early Romantic. Argues against Christianity. Writes Emile, explains the best way for a child to be educated. Women should receive education on how to work in the home.

Romantic

A person who focus on emotion, indivual, and nature

Mary Wollstonecraft

Was a early feminist. Wrote “A vindication of the rights of women“. Criticized Rousseau’s Hypocrisy

Montesquieu

Wants/Praises separation of powers in England, stated in “The Spirit of Laws“.
Wants gov to be broken down with Checks & Balances. Wants to prevent absolute rule using checks and balance.

Beccaria

Advocates for criminal justice. Against torture and death penalty. Punishment should deter crime, not be used to get revenge or for enjoyment. Advocated through book “One Crimes and Punishment“. Crime should correlate to punishment.

Religious Toleration

When a state allows multiple religions without any punishment for those different religions.

Deism

Religion in which people believe God created the universe however has not interfered with any part of the universe afterwards.

Atheism

Frick God!

Secularism

God exist but I have no morals in my work

Voltaire

He oppose organized religion and wanted religious toleration/freedom of speech. He critiques people in power and is very skeptical

Diderot

Wrote the encyclopedie during enlightenment. He hated Christianity, was a Deist and an Atheist. He advocated materialism. Believed god didn’t create sh!t, matter is the fundamental substance in nater.

Physiocrats

These people believed that supply and demand should determine the economy. Created Laissez-Faire.

Laissez-Faire

Government doesn’t interfere in the economy with tariffs or restrictions. Basically free-trade.

Adam Smith

Known as the Father of Capitalism. He wrote the wealth of Nations that went against mercantilism. Believed in Free Market Economy and Labor Theory of Value as well as the Invisible hand of the market.

Labor Theory of Value

An items value is related to the effort it took to make it.

Invis. Hand of the Market

Market forces competition between businesses leading to the best outcomes/products for society.

Reform

Make a change(Legally) to a system to improve it.

Enlighted Despotism/Absolutism

A type of absolute monarchy which pursued legal, social, and education, reforms inspired by the enlightenment. IT did not pass any reforms that undermined the absolute monarchy to ensure power is kept in the king.

Frederick II

A Prussian leader who called himself the “First Servant of the State“. He allowed religious toleration and freedom of speech. He abolished torture and limited number of crimes that receive the death penalty. He however relied on Nobles, so he allowed serfs to stay.

Joseph II

An Austrian leader who made many reforms and allowed religious toleration. However all his reforms targeted the church and nobles so they were reversed quickly after his death.

Catherine the Great

The queen of Russia westernized Russia and emphasized education, specifically girl’s education. Discussed/considered enlightenment ideas like: Equality under the law, and abolishing torture/serfdom. Relied on nobles, made serf’s conditions worse. Peasants/serf’s revolted, but were killed by Catherine the Great’s army.