adhd

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A brain disorder marked by a pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning.

Inattention

A state where a person wanders off task, lacks persistence, and has difficulty sustaining focus.

Hyperactivity

A characteristic of ADHD where a person moves about constantly or excessively fidgets, taps, or talks.

Impulsivity

The tendency to make hasty actions without first thinking about the consequences.

Neurotransmitter

Chemicals like dopamine and norepinephrine that transmit signals in the brain and are implicated in ADHD.

Dopamine (DA)

A neurotransmitter involved in reward, risk-taking, and regulating mood.

Norepinephrine (NE)

A neurotransmitter that modulates attention, arousal, and mood.

Dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4)

A receptor gene linked to modulating attention and responses in individuals with ADHD.

Dopamine transporter-1 (DAT1)

A protein that regulates the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain.

ADHD incidence rates

Estimated at 3% to 5% in school-age children, with higher rates in the United States compared to other countries.

Cultural differences in ADHD treatment

Variations in ADHD treatment practices and stimulant prescription rates among different ethnicities.

Developmental lag

Delayed development in brain areas important for controlling attention and action seen in children with ADHD.

Biochemical changes

Alterations in brain chemistry, such as reduced proteins important for attention, identified in ADHD research.

Food sensitivities

Dietary factors that may influence ADHD symptoms as suggested by some studies.

Tourette syndrome

A neurological disorder characterized by repetitive motor or vocal tics, often seen comorbidity with ADHD.

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

A pattern of negative and defiant behavior toward authority figures, frequently associated with ADHD.

Bipolar disorder

A mental health condition that includes depressive and manic behavior, sometimes occurring in ADHD patients.

Cognitive therapy for adults with ADHD

Therapies focused on enhancing time management and coping strategies for adults with ADHD.

Stimulants

First-line medications for ADHD, including methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine, aiding attention control.

Atomoxetine

A non-stimulant medication used in ADHD treatment, noted for its efficacy and safety profile.

Medical examination

An assessment to rule out other causes of symptoms before diagnosing ADHD.

ADHD rating scales

Tools for evaluating a child’s behavior and symptoms in various settings to assist in diagnosis.

Behavioral psychotherapy

An effective therapeutic approach for ADHD, often combined with medication.

Nursing diagnosis related to ADHD

Includes defensive coping, impaired social interaction, and risk for injury among others.

Memory retraining techniques

Methods such as keeping a calendar and using mnemonic devices to assist patients with ADHD.

Nursing care plan goals for ADHD patients

Goals include improving organization, enhancing self-esteem, and pacing learning activities.

Positive reinforcement in ADHD care

Rewarding good behavior to encourage progress and behavioral changes in patients.

Home care guidelines for children with ADHD

Strategies to build self-esteem, promote academic success, and help children with task completion.

Clinical examination for ADHD

Evaluation to check for other overlapping conditions with ADHD symptoms.

Impacts of ADHD on daily life

ADHD can interfere with academic, social, and developmental aspects of a child's life.

Evaluation of ADHD care plan

Assessing the effectiveness of interventions in improving behavior and coping strategies in ADHD patients.