AP Human Geography Unit 2

Agricultural Density

Number of Farmers divided by the arable land

Arable Land

Land suitable for farming/agriculture

Physiological Density

Population of a region / arable (farmable) land

Arithmetic Population Density

Population of a region divided by total land area.

AIDS

Disease where there is severe loss of cellular immunity

Baby Boom

Temporary marked increase in the birth rate

Census

A complete count of of a population

Child Mortality Rate

Total number of child deaths per 1,000 live births

Chronic Diseases

A long-lasting Disease that can't generally be prevented

Crude Birth Rate

Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in the society

Crude Death Rate

Total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a society

Dependency Ratio

Number of people too young or too old to work compared to workers

Developed Country

A country that has progressed further along in development

Developing Country

A country making some progress toward development

Doubling Time

Number of years needed to double the population

Ecumeme

The areas of earth occupied by human settlement

Epidimiology

Branch of medical science concerning diseases

Industrial Revolution

Time during the 19th century, major improvements in manufacturing goals and delivering them to market

Infant Mortality Rates

Annual number of deaths of infants(one and under) compared to the number of live births

Less Developed Countries (LDC)

Non-industrialized/poor countries.

Stage two, early three

Life Expectancy

Average number of years an infant can expect to live

Thomas Malthus

An English economist who was one of the first to argue that the world's population increase was far outrunning the development of food production

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

Medical Revolution

Time during the late 20th countries, when medical technology from Europe and North America diffused to developing countries

More Developed Countries

industrialized country.

Stage 4/5

Natural Increase Rate

Percent a population grows in a year

Neo-Malthusians

People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources

Population Density

Measurement of population per area or unit

Population Distribution

Pattern of where people live- how people are spread out

Population Explosion

a sudden large increase in the population size

Population Pyramids

Country's distinctive population showed on a bar graph- males on left

Anti-Natalist Policies

Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase

Pro-Natalist Policies

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase

Sex Ratio

Number of males per 100 females

Stationary Population Level

Level at which national population ceases to grow

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children a woman will have during her 'birthing' years

Zero Population Growth

When the CBR and the CDR are equal and the NIR approaches zero

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics

Over-Population

When the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Population Concentration

An area of land where people are most dense, including East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that demonstrates the shift in population growth throughout time

Stage 1 DTM

Low Growth: A pre-industrial agrarian society with a High CBR, High CDR, and a Zero NIR

Stage 2 DTM

High Growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that remains high but stable, a CDR that declines dramatically, and a NIR in rapid increase.

Stage 3 DTM

Decreasing growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that declined significantly, a CDR that continues to decline, and a NIR that begins to moderate.

Stage 4 DTM

Low Growth: A Modern Industrialized Country with a low CBR, low CDR, and virtually no NIR

Stage 5 DTM

A Modern Industrialized Country with a very low CBR, an increasing CDR, and a negative NIR

Declining Birth Rates

Education and Health care and Contraceptives have been useful methods

Malthus's Critics

Many geographers consider Malthusian beliefs unrealistically pessimistic because they are based on a belief that the world's supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding and some critics disagree with Malthus's theory thinking that a larger population could stimulate economic growth and therefore, the production of more food.

Implosionists

Population theorists who believe that declining fertility rates indicate that the earth has turned the corner on population growth.

Explosionists

Population theorists who believe that the world will continue to see rapid population growth for decades to come.

Epidemiologic transition model

A model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Stage 1 ETM

Pestilence and Famine (high CDR)

-infectious and parasitic diseases, accidents and attacks by animals and humans, and other natural causes are principal reasons for human death

-ex. the Black Plague

Stage 2 ETM

Receding Pandemics (rapidly declining CDR)

-results from overcrowding

-ex. cholera outbreak

Stage 3 ETM

Degenerative/Chronic Diseases (moderately declining CDR)

-a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders (e.g. cardiovascular diseases) associated with aging

Stage 4 ETM

Delayed Degenerative Diseases (low but increasing CDR)

-The major degenerative causes of death - Cardiovascular diseases and Cancers- linger, but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances

Stage 5 ETM

Reemergence of infectious diseases

-Infectious diseases thought to have been eradicated or controlled return and new ones emerge

-Evolution, Poverty, and increased connections

3 reasons for stage 5 of the ETM

1. Evolution-infectious diseases have evolved and developed resistance to drugs

2. Poverty-infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas because of unsanitary conditions

3. Increased Connections-more contact with people through relocation diffusion, lead to a greater spreading of the disease

Epidemiology

The branch of medical sciencee concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases

Endmemic

A disease that prevails over a small area

Epidemic

A disease that spreads over a large region

Pandemic

A disease that prevails globaly and affects a very high proportion of the population

2 indicators of health

1. infant mortality rate (IMR)

2. life expectancy

Mobility

A general term covering all types of movement from one place to another

Cyclical movement

A regular journey that begins at a home base and returns to the exact same place.

Periodic movement

Time away from the home base; don't necessarily return to the same place.

Net migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

Net in-migration

When the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants and the net migration is positive

Net-out-migration

If the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants and the net migration is negative

Reasons for migration

Economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort.

Intaregional Migration

Movement within a region

Interregional Migration

Movement from one region to another

Migration Transition

Change in migration patterns in a society caused by industrialisation, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

Stage 1 MTM

High daily or seasonal mobility in search of food

Stage 2 MTM

High international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas

Stage 3 MTM

High international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas

Stage 4 MTM

Same as Stage 3: high international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs

17th and 18th Centuries

U.S. Immigration from Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa

Mid-Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century

U.S. Immigration from Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, and Southern and Eastern Europe

Late 20th to Early 21st Century

U.S. Immigration from Asia and Latin america

Gravity Model

Predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them.

Ravenstien's Laws

-Most migrants travel only a short distance

-The number of migrants to a destination declines as the distance they must travel increases.

-Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose major cities

-Every migration flow generates a return or counter flow.

-Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

-Men migrate long-distances.

-Women migrate shorter distances but more often than men.

Consequences of migration

Demographic Consequences

-Occurs when migrants change the basic structure of a population

Economic Consequences

-Increase in cost and building of health care, education, public services, and housing

-Lost tax revenue from illegal migrants.

Social Consequences

-Better cultural understanding.

-Conflict among groups

Migrant Workers

These immigrants serve a useful role in Europe, taking low-status and low skill jobs that local residents won't accept

Refugee

Refugee: "a person who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion."

Asylum seeker

Someone who says he or she is a refugee, but whose claim has not yet been definitively evaluated.

Repatriation

A process by which the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homelands once violence and persecution subside

Cornucopians

Futurist who believes that continued progress and provision of material items for mankind can be met by similarly continued advances in technology. Fundamentally they believe that there is enough matter and energy on the Earth to provide for the population of the world.

census

A periodic and official count of a country's population.

ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

non-ecumene

land where people do not live permanently (ex. Antarctica)

thomas malthus

1798 said human population can outgrow food supply; result will be war, famine, disease.

neomalthusians

We are going to run out of other resources, not just food

population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

replacement fertility

the total fertility rate (TFR) that maintains a stable population size

zero population growth

occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate

brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

guest worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

internal migration

permanent movement within the same country