6117 LEC ALKALOIDS

TOBACCO

P

TOBACCO Scientific Name

Nicotiana tabacum

TOBACCO Family

Solanaceae

TOBACCO Constituent

Nicotine

TOBACCO Uses

Smoking cessation, can cause lung cancer

INDIAN TOBACCO

P

INDIAN TOBACCO Scientific Name

Lobelia inflata

INDIAN TOBACCO Family

Lobeliaceae

INDIAN TOBACCO Constituents

Lobeline (0.25%)

INDIAN TOBACCO Uses

Smoking cessation, neuromuscular stimulation, spasmodic asthma, chronic bronchitis, antismoking preps., resuscitation of newborn infants, paralytic (toxic doses).

BROOM

P

BROOM Scientific Name

Cytisus scoparius

BROOM Family

Fabaceae

BROOM Constituents

Sparteine, cystisine

BROOM Uses

Mild diuretic, cathartic, smoking cessation (cytisine)/

POISON HEMLOCK

P

POISON HEMLOCK Scientific Name

Conium maculatun

POISON HEMLOCK Family

Apiaceae

POISON HEMLOCK Constituents

Coniine

POISON HEMLOCK Uses

Develop strong, mouse-like odor with KOH due to liberation of coniine. For preparing draught (Greeks).

BETEL NUT

P

BETEL NUT Scientific Name

Areca catechu

BETEL NUT Family

Arecaceae

BETEL NUT Constituents

Arecoline, guavacine

BETEL NUT Uses

Cause oropharyngeal and esophageal cancer, teanicide in the east, chewed with Piper betel leaves and lime.

POMEGRANATE

P

POMEGRANATE Scientific Name

Punica granatum

POMEGRANATE Family

Punicaceae

POMEGRANATE Constituents

Pelletierine, isopelletierine

POMEGRANATE Uses

Anthelmintic (Pelletierine tannate for tapeworms), for hemorrhoids.

BLACK PEPPER

P

BLACK PEPPER Scientific Name

Piper nigrum

BLACK PEPPER Family

Piperaceae

BLACK PEPPER Constituents

Piperine, piperettine

BLACK PEPPER Uses

For gonorrhea and chronic bronchitis.

BLACK PEPPER Allied Drugs

Long Pepper, Cubeb, Guineesine

Long Pepper

Piper retrofractum, Piper longum

Cubeb

Piper cubeba

Guineesine

acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor. Potential antihypercholesterolemic.

CLUBMOSS

P

CLUBMOSS Scientific Name

Lycopodium clavulatum

CLUBMOSS Family

Lycopodiaceae

CLUBMOSS Constituents

Lycopodiumoleic acid, lycopodine

CLUBMOSS Uses

Limited extent in dusting powders and medicated snuffs, and as dusting powder for pills. Quantitative microscopy

PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS

P

PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS

Hepatotoxic alkaloids. Some are also carcinogenic or mutagenic. Hepatotoxic properties are believed to arise by breakdown to alkylating pyrrole esters.

PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS

Comfrey, coltsfoot

Indicine

Australine

Comfrey, coltsfoot

Ecologic role in some species of butterflies

Indicine

Antitumor

Australine

Glycosidase inhibitory activity

THE DEADLY NIGHTSHADE

TROPANES

THE DEADLY NIGHTSHADE Scientific Name

Atropa belladonna

THE DEADLY NIGHTSHADE Family

Solanaceae

THE DEADLY NIGHTSHADE Constituents

Hyoscyamine/atropine (0.30%)

THE DEADLY NIGHTSHADE Note

Atropine is actually a racemate of dextro and levo forms of hyoscyamine.

JIMSONWEED

TROPANES

JIMSONWEED Synonyms

Thornapple, Angel's Trumpet

JIMSONWEED Scientific Name

Datura stramonium

JIMSONWEED Family

Solanaceae

JIMSONWEED Allies

D. innoxia, D. metel, D. fastuosa

JIMSONWEED Constituents

Hyoscyamine (0.25%)

HENBANE

TROPANES

HENBANE Synonym

Stinking nightshade

HENBANE Scientific Name

Hyoscyamus niger (annual = var. β-annus; biennial = var. α-biennis)

HENBANE Constituents

Hyoscyamine (0.05%)

HENBANE Uses

Used in preparations intended to burn (for relief of asthma). Resembles belladonna and stramonium in action but weaker.

DUBOISIA

TROPANES

DUBOISIA Scientific Name

Duboisia myoporoides, D. hopwoodii (Pituri)

DUBOISIA Family

Solanaceae

DUBOISIA Constituents

Hyoscine and hyoscyamine

DUBOISIA Uses

Source of atropine

AHWAGANDHA

TROPANES

AHWAGANDHA Scientific Name

Withania somnifera

AHWAGANDHA Family

Solanaceae

AHWAGANDHA Constituents

Tropine and hygrine

AHWAGANDHA Uses

Sedative

Henbane

For asthma

Scopolamine as hyoscine N-butylbromide

For motion sickness

Hyoscine HBr

For control of secretions pre-op.

Atropine is mydriatic

For eye examinations

European Mandrake

TROPANES

COCA

TROPANES

COCA Scientific Name

Erythroxylum coca

COCA Family

Erythroxylaceae

COCA Constituents

Cocaine, ecgonine, and cuscohygrine (0.7%-1.5%).

COCA Uses

Precursor for cocaine synthesis (Ecgonine), chewing (Colombia, Peru, Argentine), abused by inhalation ("free-basing") or IV leading to tolerance and dependence, local anesthetic, analgesic in terminal cancer, brompton's cocktail, toxic and addictive.

JABORANDI

IMIDAZOLE

JABORANDI Scientific Name

Pilocarpus jaborandi (Pernambuco jaborandi)

• Maranham- P. microphyllus

• Paraguay - P. pennatifolius

• Ceara - P. trachylophus

JABORANDI Family

Rutaceae

JABORANDI Constituents

Pilocarpine and pilosine

JABORANDI Uses

Ophthalmic practice, irrigation of eye, relieve pressure in early glaucoma, dry mouth.

OPIUM

ISOQUINOLINE

OPIUM Synonym

Thebaica, meconium, stone of immortality

OPIUM Scientific Name

Papaver somniferum

OPIUM Family

Papaveraceae

OPIUM Constituents

0.18-0.28% morphine

OPIUM Uses

Drying oil, for cooking.

OPIUM Prepared BP/EP

Contains 10% morphine and minimum 1% codeine; thebaine limited to 3.0%.

Morphine

Discovered by Serturner is an opioid analgesic.

Codeine (methylmorphine)

Discovered by Robiquet is used as antitussive.