Cell Communication and Division: 5.5, 11, 12.1-12.3, 18.5, 45.1

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Biology

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74 Terms

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Cortisol
________ is a steroid that is derived from cholesterol.
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Epinephrine
________ and thyroxine are amine hormones, each synthesized from a single amino acid.
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MRNA
________ conveys genetic instructions for building proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
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Cytokinesis
________ occurs by a process known as cleavage.
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mitotic spindle
The ________ begins to form in the cytoplasm during prophase.
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Chemical signaling
________ by hormones is the function of the endocrine system, one of the two basic systems for communication and regulation in the animal body.
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phosphorylation dephosphorylation system
The ________ acts as a molecular switch in the cell, turning activates on or off, or up or down, as required.
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Gametes
________ are produced by a variation of cell division called meiosis.
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Adenylyl cyclase
________ can then catalyze the synthesis of many molecules of cAMP so that the normal cellular concentration can be boosted.
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Mitosis
________ is broken down into five stages: prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
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Pyrimidines
________ have one six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
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Purines
________ have a six membered ring fused to a five membered ring.
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large proportion
Together, protein kinases probably regulate the activity of a(n) ________ of the thousands of protein in a cell.
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Endocrine signaling
________: secreted molecules diffuse into blood stream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.
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G1
A cell grows (________), continues to grow as it copies its chromosomes (S), grows more as it completes preparation for cell division (G2), and divides (M)
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receptor protein
The hormone binds to and activates the ________ and with aldosterone attached, the active form of the ________ then enters the nucleus and turns on specific genes that control water and sodium flow in kidney cells.
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Communication
________ between animal cells via secreted signals is often classified by the type of secreting cell and the route taken by the signal in reaching its target.
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shape change
The ________ alters the function of the protein, most often activating it.
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genetic material
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, a crucial function of most cell divisions is the distribution of identical ________ (DNA) to two daughter cells.
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Aldosterone
________ is a hormone that is secreted by cells of the adrenal gland.
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binary fission
During ________ in bacteria, the chromosome replicates and the daughter chromosomes actively move apart.
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Calcium
________ is more widely used than cAMP as a second messenger.
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plasma membrane
Binding epinephrine to the GPCR in the ________ results in a rise in the cytosolic concentration of cAMP, a small molecule produced from ATP.
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Quorum
________ sensing allows bacterial populations to coordinate the behavior of all cells in a population in activities that require a given density of cells acting at the same time (ex; biofilm, an aggregation of bacterial cells attached to a surface by molecules secreted by the cells, but only after the cells have reached a certain density)
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Pheromones
________ are chemicals that are released into the external environment.
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environmental stimuli
It also mediates responses to ________, regulates growth and development, and triggers physical and behavioral changes underlying sexual maturity and reproduction.
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Prostaglandins
________ are a group of local regulators that are produced throughout the body and have diverse functions (ex; in the immune system they promote inflammation and the sensation of pain)
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Genes
________ consist of DNA, which belongs to the class of compounds called nucleic acids- (polymers made up of nucleotides)
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multicellular eukaryotes
For ________, cell division enables each of these new organisms to develop from a single cell- the fertilized egg.
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DNA
________ provides directions for its own replication and also directs RNA synthesis (and control protein synthesis through RNA- (gene expression))
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enzyme
A(n) ________ that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is generally known as a protein kinase.
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appropriate response
For a cell to carry out the ________, cellular proteins often must integrate multiple signals.
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Nucleic acids
________ are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides.
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Apoptosis
________ protects neighboring cells from damage that they would otherwise suffer if a dying cell merely leaked out all its contents, including its many digestive enzymes.
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cellular response
4 ________: cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities.
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Exocrine glands
________ have ducts that carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities.
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Certain unicellular eukaryotes
________ exhibit mechanisms of cell division that may be similar to those ancestors of existing eukaryotes.
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Local regulators
________ are molecules that act over short distances, reach their target cells solely by diffusion, and act on their target cells within seconds.
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hormone
A(n) ________ is a secreted molecule that circulates throughout the body and stimulates specific cells.
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signal reception
2 ________: a signaling molecule binds to a receptor, causing it to change shape.
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Neuroendocrine signaling
________: neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.
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Second messengers
________ participate in pathways that are initiated by both G protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
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Paracrine signaling
________: secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells.
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efficiency of signal transduction
They increase the ________.
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large relay
Scaffolding proteins are ________ proteins to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached.
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Autocrine signaling
________: secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them.
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nervous system
They play roles in many physiological processes including blood pressure regulation, ________ function, and reproduction.
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Cells
________ that are infected, damage, or have reached the end of their functional life span often undergo programmed ________ death.
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Synaptic signaling
________: neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in target issues (neurons, muscles, or glands)
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pathway
In one ________, the gas nitric oxide is released by a cell and enters a neighboring muscle cell where it causes production of a molecule cGMP which acts as a second messenger that causes relaxation of muscles.
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Endocrine signaling
secreted molecules diffuse into blood stream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body
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Paracrine signaling
secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells
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Autocrine signaling
secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them
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Synaptic signaling
neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in target issues (neurons, muscles, or glands)
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Neuroendocrine signaling
neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body
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Hormones fall into three major chemical classes
polypeptides, steriods, and amines
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Cell junctions
both animal and plants have cell junctions that allow molecules, including signaling molecules, to pass readily between adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes
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Cell surface molecule
in many animal cells, cell surface molecules on adjacent cells interact with each other, resulting in a signal passing between the cells
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Signal reception
reception is the target cells detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell
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Signal transduction
the binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way, initiation the process of transduction
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Cellular response
the transduce signal finally triggers a specific cellular response
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11.2 signal reception
a signaling molecule binds to a receptor, causing it to change shape
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11.3 signal transduction
cascades of molecular interactions transmit signals from receptors to relay molecules in the cell
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11.4 cellular response
cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
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Mitosis and the cell cycle
5.5, 12.1, 12.2 5.5 nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
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Genes consist of DNA, which belongs to the class of compounds called nucleic acids (
polymers made up of nucleotides)
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DNA provides directions for its own replication and also directs RNA synthesis (and control protein synthesis through RNA (
gene expression))
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For multicellular eukaryotes, cell division enables each of these new organisms to develop from a single cell
the fertilized egg
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The mitotic phase (
M phase, which includes both mitosis and cytokinesis, and is usually the shortest part of the cell cycle) alternates with a much longer stage called interphase which accounts for about 90% of the cyle
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Interphase can be divided into three phases
the G1 phase (first gap), the S phase (synthesis), and the G2 phase (second gap)
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Mitosis is broken down into five stages
prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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In animal cells, the assembly of spindle microtubules starts at the centrosome (
sub cellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cells microtubules)
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Each of the two sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome has a kinetochore (
a structure made up of proteins that have assembled on specific sections of DNA at each centromere)
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The first sign of cleavage is the appearance of a cleavage furrow (
a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate)