U.S. History Since 1865 Final

Buckaloo's Final 2022 Terms

"The Feminine Mystique"

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

Congress of International Organizations (CIO)

CIO; split from the AFL in 1937 to organize workers in all industries (not by craft/skill); represented unskilled laborers, called for greater worker protection

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Warren G. Harding

President beginning in 1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took the money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Calvin Coolidge

1923-1929, Republican platform - Fordney, membership in World Court, prevent war, limitation of armaments

Women's Suffrage

the right of women to vote, 19th Amendment (1920)

Herbert Hoover

1929-1933

*Thirty-first President

*Coolidge did not seek nomination in 1928, leaving Hoover to run against Alfred E, Smith, Governor of New York, a Catholic anti-prohibitionist

*He had become a multimillionaire in the mining industry

*Hoover had served as Sec. of Commerce and head of the Food Admin.

*A conservative economic philosophy and continuation of Prohibition won the election for Hoover

*He used the phrase "rugged individualism," which called for people to succeed on their own with minimal help from the government

*Hoover became the scapegoat for the Depression and was soundly defeated by FDR in 1932

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

Installment Buying

A consumers buys products by promising to pay small, regular amounts over a period of time

Babe Ruth

"Home Run King" in baseball, provided an idol for young people and a figurehead for America

Jazz Music

musical style developed by African-Americans at the beginning of the 20th century that is an amalgamation of African and European music, featuring improvisation, syncopation, polyrhythms and the use of "swing time"

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

The Scopes Trial

1925 trial of a Tennessee schoolteacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Strategic Defense Initiative

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Grenada

A tiny Caribbean island seized by a radical military council in 1983, which Reagan ordered the U.S. military to reclaim-a quick action that made him appear decisive and gained much popular support from both Americans and Grenadans.

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Iran-Contra Scandal

A major scandal of Reagan's second term that involved shipping arms to Iran to free hostages and diverting the money from the sale of these weapons to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Camp David Accords

(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.

Fragging

A practice, which erupted sporadically late in the Vietnam War, in which demoralized U.S. servicemen killed their own superior officers in order to avoid being sent on dangerous missions. Although was not widespread, numerous specific incidents were reported.

Peace Corps

Federal program established to send volunteers to help developing nations

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; USSR withdrew→ communist party remained in power

The Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

The Geneva Conference

A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.

The Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

The French Indochina War

1945-1953 between the French and the Viet Minh that ended with the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu

Ngo Ding Diem

South Vietnam's president , strong anti-comm. refused to take part in country wide election to prevent the election of communists. He was eventually overthrown

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Watergate

The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

The Summer of Love

refers to the summer of 1967 when as many as 100,000 people converged on the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of SF creating a phenomenon of cultural and political rebellion; SF was the center of the hippie revolution and became a defining moment in the 1960s as the hippie counterculture movement came into public awareness (also, social experimentation in methods of living—communal living, sharking, free love)

Robert F. Kennedy

1925-1968

*Brother of JFK

*Served as Attorney General under Kennedy

*Elected as senator from New York in 1964

*Pushed for desegregation and election regulation

*Presidential candidate in 1968

*He was assassinated in California by Sirhan Sirhan in June 1968

The Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

The Mississippi Freedom Summer

This took place in the summer of 1964 when thousands of black and white students went into the South to register voters. Three of these people, Chaney, Schwerner, and Goodman, disappeared and their dead bodies were not found for over a month.

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

The Free Speech Movement

An antiestablishment New Left organization that originated in a 1964 clash between students and administrators at the University of California at Berkeley

The Watts Riot

1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetto of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country.

Ed Sullivan

United States host on a well known television variety show (1902-1974)

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Elvis Presley

1950s; a symbol of the rock-and-roll movement of the 50s when teenagers began to form their own subculture, dismaying to conservative parents; created a youth culture that ridiculed phony and pretentious middle-class Americans, celebrated uninhibited sexuality and spontaneity; foreshadowed the coming counterculture of the 1960s

Jack Kerouac

A key author of the Beat movement whose best selling novel, On the Road helped define the movement with it's featured frenzied prose and plotless ramblings.

Michael Harrington

Author who wrote The Other American. He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country.

The Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

U-2 Incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

The Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Berlin Blockade and Airlift

In 1948, Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. In order to combat this, the United States began to airlift supplies into Berlin.

Massive Retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

Atomic Diplomacy

Soviet belief that the United States was maintaining a nuclear monopoly to scare the Soviets into diplomatic concessions

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Cuban Missle Crisis

The Soviet Union was secretly building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, which could have been used for a sneak-attack on the U.S. The U.S. blockaded Cuba until the U.S.S.R. agreed to dismantle the missile silos.

Bay of Pigs Operation

Failed attempt to use an amphibious invasion by Cuban exiles to overthrow the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

a group of 28 countries that has agreed to protect each other in case of attack; founded in 1949

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

John F. Kennedy

president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

The Sit-In Movement

led by NAACP Youth Council, 1960 launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South and opened a national awareness of the depth of segregation in the nation

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Dwight Eisenhower

1953-1961

*Thirty-fourth President

*Became Allied military commander during WWII and led forces in North Africa, Italy, and England

*Became Republican president after defeating Adlai Stevenson

*Signed the truce in 1953 to end Korean War

*Completed integration of military forces

*Sent troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, to ensure desegregation

*Gave momentum to desegregation movement

*Warned the Us about the "military-industrial complex," which refers to the relationship between the government, the military, and the defense industry

The Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

Joesph McCarthy

Wisconsin Senator who caused widespread panic charging the government was infiltrated by communists

Highway Act of 1956

was enacted on June 29, 1956, when a hospitalized Dwight D. Eisenhower signed this bill into law. Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of 40,000 miles (64,000 km) of interstate highways over a 10-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point.

The Alger Hiss Trial

1948-50- a former communist agent testified before HUAC that Hiss had been passing state department documents to the USSR, guilty of 2 counts of perjury- Nixon came into spotlight during trial

Truman's Loyalty Program

Truman tested for communist alliances within government; government employees prohibited from taking part in remotely-communist activities

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo \#68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs