CE Public Speaking Midterm

Exploring Public Speaking: 4th Edition

Similarities between public speaking and conversation

awareness of and sensitivity toward your audience,

a dependence on feedback to know if you are successful in being understood

Public speaking

organized, face-to-face, prepared, intentional attempt to inform, entertain, or persuade a group of people through words, physical delivery, and visual or audio aids

Carol Dweck from Stanford University

intelligence and related skills are “malleable”

Dealing with anxiety

Mental, Physical, Contextual, and Speech preparation

(getting sleep and rest, eating protein-based foods, good-looking and comfy clothes, stretching and relaxing, check out space, arrive early, don't procrastinate)

(fix by having respect and empathy with the audience)

Reasons for anxiety

fear of failure, fear of rejection of one's self/ideas

Elements of public speaking

People, Context, Message, Channel, Noise, Feedback, Outcome

People

senders + recievers

Context

historical, cultural, social, physical

Message

product of all elements

Channel

the means through which a message gets from sender to receiver

Noise

anything that disrupts, or interferes with the communication process

Feedback

direct or indirect messages sent from an audience back to the original sender of the message

(nonverbal, head movement, posture, laughter)

Outcome

a change in either the audience or the context

Encode

the process of the sender putting his/her thoughts and feelings into words or other symbols

Decode

the process of the listener or receiver understanding the words and symbols of a message and making meaning of them

Denotative

the objective or literal meaning shared by most people using the word

Connotative

the subjective or personal meaning the word envokes in people together or individually

Symbol

a word, icon, picture, object or number that is used to stand tor or represent a concept, thing, or experience

Canons of rhetoric

Invention, Disposition, Style, Memory, Delivery

Invention

creating content

Disposition

organization and logic of arguments

Style

choosing the right level and quality of vocabulary

Memory

actually, memorizing famous speeches to learn good public speaking technique

Delivery

nonverbal communication

Audience analysis

looking at the audience first by its demographic characteristics and then by their internal psychological traits

Totalizing

taking one characteristic of a group/ person and making that the “totality" or sum total of what that person or group is

Demographic characteristics

the outward characteristics of the audience,

Age, Gender, Race (Ethnicity & Culture), Religion, Region, Occupation, Education, Socio-economic level, Sexual orientation, Family status

Psychographic characteristics

the inner characteristics of the audience

Beliefs, Attitude, Values, Needs

Beliefs

statements we hold to be true

Attitudes

a stable positive or negative response to a person idea, object or policy

Values

goals we strive for and what we consider important and desirable

Needs

important deficiencies that we are motivated to fulfill

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

1. Self-actualization

2. Esteem

3. Love/belonging

4. Safety

5. Physiological

Contextual factors of audience analysis

How much time do I have for the presentation?

What time of the day is the presentation?

Why is the audience gathered?

What is the physical space like?

How large will the audience be?

What does the audience expect?

Planned redundancy

the use of a clear central idea statement, preview of the main points, connective statements, and overall summary in the conclusion to reinforce the main ideas of a speech

(helps the audience listen and retain the content)

Types of listening

Comprehensive, Empathetic, Appreciative, Critical

Comprehensive Listening

listening focused on understanding and remembering important information from a public speaking message

Empathetic Listening

listening for understanding the feelings and motivations of another person, usually with the goal of helping the person deal with a personal problem

Appreciative Listening

type of informed listening needed to listen to and interpret music, theatre, or literature

Critical Listening

listening to evaluate the validity of the arguments and deciding whether the speaker is persuasive and whether the message should be accepted

Barriers to listening

bad mindset, noise and constant distractions, minds. process faster than a person can speak, people around you, physical environment

confirmation bias

Steps to improve listening

view listening as important, keep an open mind, be prepared to listen, write questions, don’t talk

Ethics

branch of philosophy that involves determinations of what is right and moral

Credibility

an attitude the audience has toward the speaker

Types of Credibility

Initial, Derived, Terminal

Initial Credibility

at the beginning or even before the speech

Derived Credibility

trustworthiness (judged) throughout the process of the speech, which can also range from paint to paint in the speech ("approval rating”)

Terminal Credibility

at the end of the speech, persuasiveness

“Fair use”

not making money from using the copyrighted material, proper citation needed

Factors that determine speaker credibility

Similarity, Character, Competence, Good will

Types of plagiarism

Stealing, Sneaking, Borrowing

How to ethnically credit sources

cite the source, use information that is relevant, phrase or summarize the ideas

Citing in a speech

form of media, year, position, background, credentials

Types of outlines

Chronological: for understanding and instruction

Spatial: for space and direction

Patterns of Organization

Cause/Effect, Problem-Solution, Problem-Cause-Solution

Connective

a phrase or sentence that connects various parts of a speech and shows the relationship between them

Types of connectives

Internal summaries, Internal previews, Transitions, Signposts, Bridging statements

Internal summaries

a type of connective that emphasizes what has come before and reminds the audience of what has been covered

Internal previews

a type of connective that emphasizes what is coming up next in the speech and what to expect with regard to the content

Transitions

a type of connective that serves as a bridge between disconnected (but related) material in a speech

Signposts

a type of connective that emphasizes physical movement through the speech content and lets the audience know exactly where they are

(1st, 2nd, Finally)

Bridging statements

a type of connective that emphasizes moving the audience psychologically to the next part of a speech

“Chunking“

the way information is grouped

“Extemporaneous” speech

small but well-prepared outline

Statistics

the collection, analysis, comparison, and interpretation of numerical data, understanding its comparison with other numerical data

NOT just numerical

Probative

proof or evidence

Define

to set limits on what a word or term means, how the audience should think about it, and/or how you will use it

Jargon

terms used in specialized fields

Hypothetical narratives

a story of something that could happen but has not happened yet

Median

the middle #

Mode

most common #

Types of definitions

Classification and differentiation, Operational, Definition by Contrast or Comparison

Classification and differentiation

“x is a type of Y but…”

Operational definition

give examples of an action or idea

Definition by contrast or comparison

define a term by telling what it is similar to or different

Attention factors

movement, conflict, novelty, humor, familiarity, contrast, repetition, suspense, proximity, need-oriented subjects, intensity, concreteness

What is true about attention as a psychological principle?

focuses on one stimuli

Expert

someone with recognized credentials, knowledge, education, and/or experience in a subject

Elements of introduction

1. Get the Audience’s Attention

2. Enhance Your Credibility

3. Establish Rapport

4. Preview Your Central Idea

5. Preview Your Main Points

Elements of conclusion

1. Signal the End

2. Restate Main Points

3. Clincher

WIIFM

“What’s In It For Me?”

Using startling statistics

must be factual and relevant

% of speech for intros and outros

10-15%

Humor advice

not offensive and relevant

Rapport

a relationship or connection a speaker makes with the audience

Persuasion

a symbolic process in which communicators try to convince other people to change their attitudes or behavior regarding an issue through the transmission of a message, in an atmosphere of free choice

“Information” + “change” =

persuasion

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

1. Attention

2. Need

3. Satisfaction

4. Visualization

5. Action

Aristotle’s elements of persuasion

Ethos, Logos, Pathos

Ethos

(ethics) credibility

Logos

logic

Pathos

emotion

Target audience

the members of an audience the speaker most wants to persuade and who are likely to be receptive to persuasive messages

Reservations

mental dialogue with rebuttals or counter-arguments

Two-tailed arguments

a persuasive technique in which a speaker brings up a counter-argument to their own topic and then directly refutes the claim

Fix persuasion difficulty by

engaging the audience at the level of needs, wants, and values as well as logic and evidence

Slippery slope

assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent events that cannot be prevented

Bandwagon

assuming that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Appeal to authority

uses uncredible sources

False dilemma

forces listeners to choose between 2 alternatives when more than 2 alternatives exist