chapter 9 microbial nutrition and growth

environment, cellular, elemental, molecular, organism, macro, micro, essential, inorganic, organic, carbon

• microbial nutrition

  • nutrition

    • nutrients are acquired from the … and used for … activities

  • essential nutrient

    • any substance, whether in .. or … form, that must be provided to an …

  • nutrients can be classified according to

    • …. vs … (… nutrients)

    • …. vs … (… content)

biomolecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, trace, structure, maintenance, mn, zn, ni

• microbial nutrition

  • macro vs micro

    • macronutrients

      • make up ….

        • …

        • …

        • …

        • nitrogen

        • phosphorous

        • sulfur

    • micronutrients

      • … elements for enzyme … and ….

        • ..

        • …

        • …

products, living, parasites, natural reservoirs, microbes

• microbial nutrition

  • inorganic vs organic

    • organic

      • usually the … of … things

      • food source for ….

    • inorganic

      • come from .. …

      • food source for many …..

cellular, nutritional, microbe

• microbial nutrition

  • … composition can be used to help assume the … requirements of a ….

carbon, simple, absorbed, monosaccharides, polymers, polysaccharides, carbon, variety, organisms, heterotrophs, autotrophs

• microbial nutrition

  • essential nutrients can have several sources or components

    • …. - can be in … form and easily … (…) or as … (…)

      • some microbes are restricted by their … sources and others can handle a …

      • some microbes must obtain carbon from other … (…) and others can make their own (…)

nitrogen, dna, rna, atp, heterotrophs, inorganic, nh3, no3, nitrogen fixation, n2

• microbial nutrition

  • essential nutrients can have several sources or components

    • .. - used in …, … and …

      • some obtain from other organisms (….)

      • some microbes use … nutrients like … and …

      • some microbes obtain through … … (…)

oxygen, structure, function, 20, metabolism, aerobic

• microbial nutrition

  • essential nutrients can have several sources or components

    • … - important role in … and … of cells

      • makes up …% of the atmosphere

      • essential to … of … organisms

hydrogen, major, ph, hydrogen, dna, free energy, respiration

• microbial nutrition

  • essential nutrients can have several sources or components

    • … - … element in almost everything

      • maintains …

      • allows molecules to have … bonds (…)

      • … .. source (…)

nucleic acids, atp, membranes

• microbial nutrition

  • essential nutrients can have several sources or components

    • phosphorous - component of .. .. and …

      • also found in cell …

minerals, methionine, cysteine, linkages, disulfide, structure, stability

• microbial nutrition

  • essential nutrients can have several sources or components

    • sulfur - common in …

      • very important piece of … and …

        • these amino acids often form … as … bonds for protein … and ….

growth, organic, amino, nitrogenous, vitamin, cannot, organism, essential, environment

• microbial nutrition

  • growth factors are essential for …

    • an .. compound such as an … acid, … base, or … that … be synthesized by an …

      • ex. … amino acids

    • must be provided by the ….

sunlight, photosynthetic, algae, plants, cyanobacterium

• microbial nutrition

  • photoautotroph

    • energy source: …..

    • example: …. organisms

      • …

      • …

      • …

simple inorganic, bacteria, archaea, methanogens, deep sea vent

• microbial nutrition

  • chemoautotroph

    • energy source: … … chemicals

    • example: only certain … or …

      • …

      • .. .. .. bacteria

organic, methanogens

• microbial nutrition

  • chemoorganic autotrophs

    • energy source: … compound

    • example: ….

energy, carbon, chemoautotrophs, methane, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, archaea, extreme, ocean vents, hot, fuel, greenhouse gas

• microbial nutrition

  • chemoautotrophs and chemoorganic autotrophs

    • use organic compounds for … and inorganic compounds as a … source

    • methanogens

      • … that produce .. from … gas and … …

      • …, some of which live in … habitats such as .. … and .. springs (up to 400°C)

      • methane can be used as a … and plays a role as a … …

inorganic, rock, bacteria, sunlight, organic, inorganic

• microbial nutrition

  • chemolithoautotrophs

    • energy source: … compounds

    • example: …. eating …

    • require neither on … nor … nutrients and rely totally on … materials

sunlight, purple, green photosynthetic bacteria, light, carbon dioxide, organic

• microbial nutrition

  • photoheterotroph

    • energy source: ….

    • example: …. and … … ….

    • use … for energy

    • cannot limit themselves to … … and thus require … compounds

tissues, fluids, live, parasites, pathogens, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animals, carbon, energy, organic, living, respiration, fermentation, atp, complimentary

• microbial nutrition

  • chemoheterotroph parasite

    • energy source: utilizing the …., …. of a … host

    • example: various … and …; can be …, …, …, …

    • derive both … and … from .. compounds that come from …. hosts

    • organic molecules processed through … or .. release energy in the form of …

      • photosynthesis and respiration are … to one another

organic, dead, fungi, bacteria, carbon, energy, organic, dead, respiration, fermentation, atp, cycling, rigid, wall, enzymes, environment, digest, smaller, transported, cell

• microbial nutrition

  • chemoheteortroph saprobe

    • energy source: metabolizing the … matter of … organisms

    • example: …, ….

    • derive both …. and .. from .. compounds that come from … matter

    • organic molecules processed through .. or .. release energy in the form of ..

    • important for nutrient ..

    • most saprobes have a … cell …

      • release … into the … to …. food into … particles that can be .. into the …

cell, out, survival, membrane, not

• microbial nutrition: how microbes feed

  • nutrients must go into a … and waste must move … of a cell for …

  • all transport occurs across the cell …

    • the cell wall does … regulate transport

movement, higher, lower, membrane, concentration gradient, permeability, substance

• microbial nutrition: how microbes feed

  • the … of molecules in a gradient from an area of … density or concentration to an area of … density or concentration

  • diffusion across a cell … is determined by the .. .. and the … of the …

movement, selectively permeable, selectively, differentially, passageways, water, dissolved

• microbial nutrition: how microbes feed

  • osmosis: the … of water across a … .. membrane

    • the membrane is … or .. permeable; has … that allow the passage of … but not other … molecules

solute, external, equal, internal, same, both, stable, osmotic steady

• microbial nutrition: how microbes feed

  • isotonic solution - the … concentration in the … environment is … to the cell’s … environment

  • diffusion of water proceeds at the … rate in … directions

  • isotonic solutions are generally the most … environment for cells, already in an … .. state with the cell

solute, external, lower, internal, pure, hypotonic, no dissolved, net, hypotonic, into, cell, walls swell, burst

• microbial nutrition: how microbes feed

  • hypotonic solution - … concentration of the .. environment is .. than that of the cell’s … environment

  • … water is the most … environment because it has .. .. solutes

  • the … direction of osmosis is from the .. solution .. the …

  • cells without …. … and can …

outside, higher, solutes, inside, high, pressure, out, limits, growth, concentrated salt, sugar, preserve

• microbial nutrition: how microbes feed

  • hypertonic solution - environment … the cell has a slightly … concentration of … than … the cell

  • … osmostic … forces water to diffuse … of the cell

  • …. the … of microbes

  • principle behind using … … and … solutions to … food

little, bacteria, amoeba, fresh pond, wall, bursting, contractile vacuole, excess, out, energy

• adaptations to osmotic variations in the environment

  • isotonic conditions pose … stress on cells

  • hypotonic environment

    • … and .. living in .. .. water

    • bacteria: cell … protects cells from …

    • amoeba: utilize a .. .. that constantly moves .. water .. of the cell; requires ….

restrict, loss, environment, increase, salinity, internal, salt, isotonic, environment, physiological, high salt, habitats

• adaptations to osmotic variations in the environment

  • hypertonic environments

    • cells must … the … of water to the … or … the .. of their … environment

    • halobacteria: absorb … to make their cells …. with the ….

      • have a … need for … .. concentration in their ….

mediated, carrier protein, substance, conformation, proteins, across, membrane, specificity, one, few

• transporting substances across membranes

  • facilitated diffusion

    • … transport

    • utilizes a … … that will bind a specific …

    • binding changes the … of the carrier … so that the substance is moved … the …

    • carrier proteins exhibit … - they bind and transport only … or a … types of molecules

rate, substance, number, sites, transport proteins, increases, rate, all, sites, occupied, 2, similar, same, carrier protein, chemical, higher, concentration, greater

• saturation and competition

  • saturation

    • the … of transport of a … is limited by the … of binding … on the … ..

    • as the substrate’s concentration …, so does the … of transport until … of the binding … are …

  • competition

    • … molecules of … shape can bind to the … binding site on a … ..

    • the … with the .. binding affinity or the chemical in … concentration will be transported at a … rate

against, diffusion gradient, same, natural, faster, presence, membrane, permeases, pumps, energy, k, na, h, across, membrane, couples, nutrient, conversion, substance, useful inside

• active transport

  • features:

    • transport of nutrients … the .. .. or in the .. direction as the … gradient but at a rate … than by diffusion alone

    • … of specific .. proteins (… and …) and

    • expenditure of ….

    • specialized pumps carry ions such as ..+, …+, …+ … the ….

  • group translocation: … the transport of a .. with its … to a .. that is immediately … … the cell

large, particles, liquids, membrane, eukaryotes, energy, endocytosis, amoebas, white, ingest whole, large solid, entry, oils, molecules, solution into

• endocytosis

  • transport of … molecules, …. or …. across the cell … by certain …

  • requires the expenditure of …

  • phagocytosis: … by … and certain … blood cells that … … cells or .. .. matter

  • pinocytosis: …. of … or … in .. … the cell

heat, cold, gases, acid, radiation, osmotic, hydrostatic, other

• environmental factors that influence microbes

  • ….

  • …

  • ..

  • ..

  • ..

  • .. pressure

  • … pressure

  • … microbes

range, growth, microbial, minimum, maximum, optimum

• cardinal temperatures

  • …. of temperatures for the .. of a given .. species

  • … temp

  • … temp

  • … temp

lowest, growth, metabolism, below, limited

• minimum temperature

  • the … temp that permits a microbe’s continued … and ….

  • … this temp, its activities are ….

highest, growth, metabolism, rises slightly, maximum, stop, continues, enzymes, nucleic acids, denatured, inactivated

• maximum temperature

  • … temp at which … and … can proceed

  • if the temp .. .. above …, growth will …

  • if the temp .. to rise, … and .. .. will become …, or permanently ….

intermediate, minimum, maximum, fastest, growth, metabolism, small, differences, membranes, fluidity, thrive, different

• optimum temperature

  • … temp range between … and ..

  • promotes the .. rate of .. and …

  • … chemical .. in bacterial … which affect their … allow them to … at … temperatures

dehydrate, crystallization, cytoplasm

• temperature

  • for optimal growth and metabolism

  • too high can …

  • too cold can cause .. of …

below, 0, above, slowly, cold, 15, 30

• psychrophiles

  • organisms that have an optimum temp … 15°C

  • capable of growth at …°C

  • cannot grow … 20°C

  • psychrotrophs: grow … in the .. but have an optimum temp between …°C and …°C

oxygen, use, detoxify, neither, not, can

• gases

  • … has the greatest impact on microbial growth

  • microbes fall into one of the 3 categories

    • those that … oxygen and can … it

    • those that can … use oxygen nor detoxify it

    • those that do … use oxygen but … detoxify it

cellular, toxic, reactive, living, nonliving, phagocytes, kill invading, singlet, oxidation, lipids, damage, destory

• how microbes process oxygen

  • as oxygen enters into … reactions, it is transformed into several …. products

  • singlet oxygen (O or O2)

    • extremely … molecule produced both by .. and .. processes

    • produced by … to … .. bacteria

    • buildup of … oxygen and the … of membrane .. and other molecules can … or … a cell

destructive, by, oxygen, enzymes, scavenge, neutralize, catalase, superoxide dismutase

• how microbes process oxygen

  • superoxide ion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH-)

    • …. metabolic … products of ..

    • cells use .. to … and … them

      • ….

      • … ….

gaseous, metabolism, enzymes, toxic, cannot, without

• oxygen requirements

  • aerobe (aerobic organism)

    • can use … oxygen in its …

    • possesses the … needed to process … oxygen products

    • obligate aerobe: an organism that … grow … oxygen

not, metabolism, growth, absence, aerobic respiration, present, anaerobic, fermentation, absent

• oxygen requirements

  • facultative anaerobe

    • an aerobe that does .. require oxygen for its …

    • capable of … in the … of oxygen

    • metabolizes by … … when oxygen is …

    • adopts .. metabolism (…) when oxygen is ….

not, normal atmospheric, small, metabolism, small, not directly, atmosphere

• oxygen requirements

  • microaerophile

    • does … grow at … .. concentrations of oxygen

    • requires a .. amount of oxygen in its …

    • usually live in a habitat that provides a … amount of oxygen but is … .. exposed to the ….

lacks, enzyme, respiration, strict, obligate anaerobes, free, die, reduced, lakes, oceans, soil

• oxygen requirements

  • anaerobic (anaerobic microorganism)

    • … the metabolic … systems for using oxygen in …

    • … or .. .. cannot tolerate … oxygen and will … in its presence

      • live in highly … habitats such as …, …, and ….

not, survive, grow, limited, presence, not, alternative, breaking, peroxides, superoxide

• oxygen requirements

  • aerotolerant anaerobes

    • do … utilize oxygen

    • can … and .. to a … extent in its …

    • … harmed by oxygen because they possess … mechanisms for .. down … and ….

higher co2, atmosphere, isolation, pathogens, co2 incubator, 3, 10

• carbon dioxide requirements

  • capnophiles

    • grow best at a .. .. tension than is normally present in the …

    • important in the … of some …

    • incubation is carried out in a … … that provides … to …% co2

degree, acidity, alkalinity, solution, 7, decreases, 0, increases, increases, 14, increases

• pH

  • the … of … or … of a … expressed on a scale from 0 to 14

    • pure water is neutral at pH …

    • as the pH value … toward …, acidity ….

    • as the pH value … toward …, alkalinity ….

acidic, growth, molds, yeasts, acid, spoilage, pickled

• pH

  • obligate acidophiles

    • require an … environment for …

    • …. and … tolerate … and are common … agents of … foods

hot, soils, high, basic, urine, alkaline

• pH

  • alkalinophiles

    • live in … pools and … that contain … levels of … minerals

    • bacteria that decompose … create … conditions

high solute

• osmotic pressure

  • osmophiles

    • live in habitats with .. .. concentration

high, salt, walls, membranes, lyse, hypotonic

• osmotic pressure

  • obligate halophiles

    • require … concentrations of .. for growth (9 to 25% NaCl)

    • have significant modifications to their cell … and … and will … in … habitats

resistant, not, high salt

• osmotic pressure

  • facultative halophiles

    • …. to salt, even though they do … normally reside in … .. environments

visible light, energy, yellow carotenoid, absorb, dismantle toxic, enzymes, damaging, uv radiation, dna

• radiation

  • phototrophs can use .. .. rays as an … source

  • protective measures against radiation

    • .. .. pigments .. and .. .. oxygen

    • other microbes use .. to overcome the … effects of .. .. on ….

deep, 1000, high, rupture, normal

• hydrostatic pressure

  • barophiles

    • … sea microbes that exist in pressures up to …x atmospheric pressure

    • so strictly adapted to .. pressures that they … when exposed to … atmospheric pressure

2, live, close, need, obligatory, beneficial

• symbiosis

  • a general term used to denote a situation in which … organisms … together in a … partnership (… each other)

• mutualism

  • exists when organisms live in an … but mutually … relationship

one, not, benefits, neither, nor

• symbiosis

  • commensalism: relationship benefits .. member and .. the other

    • commensal: receives …

    • coinhabitant: …. harmed … benefitted

parasitic, nutrients, habitat, multiplication, harms

• symbiosis

  • parasitism

    • host: provides the .. microbe with .. and a …

    • parasite: .. of the parasite usually .. the host to some extent

compete, chemical, environment, inhibit, destroy

• nonsymbiotic associations

  • antagonism

    • arises when members of a community …

    • one microbe secretes …. substances into the surrounding … that .. or … other microbes

interrelationship, 2, more free living, both, necessary, survival

• nonsymbiotic associations

  • synergism

    • an .. between … or … .. .. organisms that benefits .. but is NOT … for their …

anatagonism, inhibitory, antibiotics

• nonsymbiotic associations

  • antibiosis

    • a form of …

    • the production of … compounds such as ….

mixed, different, bacteria, pioneer colonizer, surface, pioneer, polymeric, protein, pioneer, stimulated, chemicals, grows, monitor, size

• biofilms: the epitome of synergy

  • biofilms are … communities of … kinds of … and other microbes

    • … … initially attaches to a …

    • other microbes attach to the … or to the .. or … substance secreted by the ..

    • quorum sensing: cells are … to release … as the population .. to … its …

enlarges, duplicated, envelope, together, center, septum, daughter

• the basis of population growth: binary fission

  • parent cell …

  • chromosomes are ..

  • cell … pulls … in the … of the cell to form a …

  • cell divides into 2 … cells

complete fission, doubles, favorable, constant, measure, growth

• the rate of population growth

  • generation time or doubling time

    • the time required for a .. .. cycle

    • each new fission cycle .. the population

    • as long as the environment remains …, the doubling effect can continue at a … rate

    • the length of the generation time is a … of the … rate of an organism

growth, populations, number, time

• the rate of population growth

  • exponential growth

    • the .. pattern of microbes

    • useful to express the … of microbes as exponents or logarithms

  • plotting data from a growing bacterial population

    • … of cells as a function of …

    • can be represented logarithmically or arithmetically

predictable, growth, population, population, pattern, total, counted, period, fundamental

• the population growth curve

  • growth curve

    • a … pattern of … in a …

    • viable count technique

      • traditionally used to observe the … growth …

      • … number of cells is … over a given time …

      • … method of laboratorymicrobiology

flat, not, growing, inoculated, adjustment, enlargement, synthesis, not, maximum, sparse, sampling

• stages in the normal growth curve

  • lag phase

    • … period on the graph when the population appears .. to be …

    • newly … cells require a period of …, …., and …

    • cells are … yet multiplying at their … rate

    • population of cells is so …. that the … misses them

increases, continue, adequate, favorable

• stages in the normal growth curve

  • exponential growth or log phase

    • period during which the growth curve … geometrically

    • phase will .. as long as cells have .. nutrients and the environment is ….

survival, stop, slowly

• stages in the normal growth curve

  • stationary growth phase

    • population enters … mode

    • cells .. growing or grow ….

limiting, intensify, die, exponential, downward

• stages in the normal growth curve

  • … factors … and cells begin to … at an … rate

  • curve dips …

antimicrobial, exponential, vulnerable, stationary, actively, vulnerable, metabolism, binary fission, shedding, early, middle, spread

• practical importance of the growth curve

  • …. agents rapidly accelerate the death phase

    • microbes in the … phase are more … to these agents than those in the … phase

    • … growing cells are more … to conditions that disrupt cell … and … …

  • growth patterns can correspond with the stages of infection

    • bacterial … during the … and … stages of infection is more likely to … it to others

continuous, steady, nutrients, used media, old, stabilize, rate, number, culture, active, death

• chemostat

  • … culture system that admits a … stream of …

  • siphons off … .. and … bacterial cells to .. growth … and cell ….

  • maintains the … in a biochemically … state and prevents it from entering the …. phase

tube, clear, solution, cloudy, turbid, greater, larger, size

• other methods of analyzing population growth

  • turbidometry

    • a … of … nutrient … becomes … or … as microbes grow in it

    • the … the turbidity, the … the population …

microscopically, cytometer, tiny, premeasured grid

• other methods of analyzing population growth

  • direct (total) cell count

    • cells in a sample are counted …

    • utilizes a .. calibrated to accept a .. sample spread over a … …

electronically, culture, tiny, detected, registered, sensor

• coulter counter

  • …. scans a … as it passes through a … pipette

  • each cell is … and … on an electronic ….

size, differentiate, live, dead

• flow cytometer

  • similar to a coulter counter

  • can measure cell … and … between … and … cells

quantifies, environmental, tissue, isolating, culturing, food, pharmaceutical, rapid, environmental

• new methods of analyzing population growth

  • polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

    • …. bacteria and other microorganisms in … and … samples without … and … them

  • tests that measure atp

    • used in … and … industries

    • may be used for … quantification of microbes in other … samples