Ab/norm #3

According to DSM-5 two main types of _____disorders include substance intoxication and substance withdrawal

Substance induced

Dependence disorder

Body is physiologically dependent on the drug

Substance abuse disorder

A chronic and complex disorder involving the continued use of drugs or alcohol (substances) despite significant substance-related problems.

Tolerance

With frequent drug use, higher doses are needed to achieve the same effect

Addiction

Compulsive use of a drug, accompanied by signs of physiological dependence

Dependence

Physical dependence on the drug

Psychological dependence

Compulsive use of a substance to meet a psychological need

Physiological dependence

Repeated use of a substance alters the body’s physiological reactions leading to tolerance and withdrawal syndrome

Depressants and their chemical action

Drug that slows down or curbs the activity of the central nervous system

Reduces feelings of tensions, slows movement, impairs cognitive processes

What group is at the highest risk for developing alcoholism

Native Americans

Effects of alcohol

Heightened activity of GABA producing relaxation

Impaired senses, balance, coordination, motor ability

Impaired judgement

Impaired ability to curb impulses

Impaired sexual performances

Moderate alcohol in men v women

W-1-2 drink per day

M-2-4 drinks per day

Synergistic effects of barbiturates

Highly addictive

Produce mild state of euphoria

When mixed with alcohol it is deadly

Opiodes-what they are and how they’re used

Strongly addictive, pain relieving and sleep inducing

Naturally occurring (Morphine) and synthetic (Demerol)

Analgesia

Pills or injected

Stimulants and examples

Psychoactive substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system

amphetamines, MDMA, cocaine, nicotine

Complications of cocaine

Produces a tolerance effect

Repeated use can lead to nasal problems (nasal ulcers)

Depression and anxiety

Psychotic behaviors

What happens from using nicotine

Physiological dependence

Hallucinogenic drugs

LSD

PCP

Effects of weed at different levels

Produces relaxed feelings

Distortion of time, disorientation, increase in sexual sensation

Dopamine and norepinephrine

D-Reward and pleasure circuit, produce feelings of pleasure

N-fight or flight

What happens when the body becomes habituated to opiodes

Body slows production of endorphins

4-6 hrs lead to withdrawal

Genetic risk of alcoholism

If someone in family is alcoholic, decreased risk you will be one

Tension reduction theory

The more often one drinks to reduce tension or anxiety the stronger the habit becomes

What types of drugs can be used for depression including self medication

Alcohol

Dealing with individual’s beliefs of what alcohol can do for you

Stress-reduction

Reinforcement

Expectancy outcome

What is smoking according to psychodynamic theorists

Oral fixation

Alternative drugs given for heroin addicts

Methadone maintenance programs-blunts cravings for heroin

Improving efficacy of alcohol treatment

Disulfiram-discourages alcohol consumption because the combination of the two causes intense nausea

Indigenous treatments

Culturally sensitive treatment

Main components of support groups

\#1 admit you have a problem

\#2 Commit to a higher power

\#3 buddy system-sponser

Behavioral treatment of drug use

Modifying abusive and dependent behavior patterns: self control training and contingency management

Cognitive drug use treatment

Positive expectations about drug use increases the likelihood of use, drug may boost self-efficacy expectations

Psychodynamic drug use treatment

Conflicts rooted in childhood experiences

Relapse prevention

Help substance abusers identify high-risk situations and learn effective coping skills for handling these situations

Psychodynamic therapy

Conflicts rooted in childhood experiences-resolve issue by seeking more mature forms of gratification

Abstinence

Not engaging in an activity

Gambling addiciton

Nonchemical-same feeling as using drugs without ingesting anything

Anorexia nervosa

Severe weight loss due to significant restriction of calorie intake or self-starvation

Bulimia

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of gorging on large quantities of food, followed by compensatory behaviors (purging)

Binge eating

A disorder characterized by recurrent eating binges without purging

Psychological and personality characteristics of bulimic person

Feelings of lack of control over eating during binge-eating episodes

Excessive fears of gaining weight

Excessive emphasis on body shape and self image

How do psychodynamic theorists view anorexia

Have difficulty separating from families

Struggle with forming individuated identities

Unconsciously want to remain a prepubescent child

Do not want to mature and take on adult responsibilities

Family system views of anorexia

Dysfunctional families with high level of conflict

Overprotective parents, but also less nurturing and supportive

Refusing to eat punishes parents for feelings of loneliness and alienation experienced in the home

Biological underpinnings of eating disorder

Serotonin imbalance

Prozac can decrease binge-eating episodes in bulimic women

Genetic factors play an important role in the development of eating disorders

Treatment of anorexic whose weight has become dangerously low

Hospitalization

CBT

IPT

SSRI

What is the most supported therapeutic approach for treating bulimia

CBT

What behavioral techniques work for people with bulimia

CBT and IPT

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by sudden, irresistible episodes of sleep

Insomnia

Difficulties falling asleep, remaining asleep or achieving restorative sleep

Cataplexy

Sudden loss of muscular control

Hypersomnia

A pattern of excessive sleepiness during the day

Sleep apnea

Repeated episodes during sleep of snorting or gasping for breath, pauses for breath, or abnormally shallow breathing

What is true of narcolepsy

Autoimmune

Genetics

Immediate to REM

Prone to accidents

Decreased quality of life

Sudden and without warning

Circadian rhythm disorder

A persistent disruption of the natural sleep-wake cycle

Night terrors

Repeated episodes of terror-induced arousals that usually begin with a panicky scream

Sleep walking

Repeated episodes in which motor behavior is performed while sleeping, without conscious awareness

Nightmare disorder

Recurrent episodes of disturbing and well-remembered nightmares during REM sleep

Which sleep disorder is associated with trauma and stress

Nightmare disorder

Sleep medications

Anti-anxiety drugs, sleep-inducing agents

Reduce the time it takes to fall asleep, increase total length of sleep, and/or reduce nightly awakening

Recommendations to help you fall asleep at night and what would not be good to do

Establish a regular sleep-wake cycle

Limit activities in bed as much as possible

Get out of bed 10-20 min if you are unable to fall asleep

Avoid use of caffeinated beverages in late afternoon/evenings

Replace self-defeating thoughts

Exercise schedule

Avoid daytime naps

Case study 10: Randy

What is SORC

Cognitive-Behavioral

S-stimulus (external situations that prompt drinking)

O-organism (events that take place within the individual)

R-response (specific drinking behavior prompted by stimulus/organism)

C-consequence (results of drinking, behaviors such as reduction of anxiety/productivity)

Case study 18: Greta

What first led her to dieting?

Pressure from coach and teammates

Case study 9: Lilly

Bulimia Nervosa

Chaotic childhood

Developed very close relationship with mother-Helicopter parent

\*Mother obsessed with looks

\*Critical of Lilly’s appearance

Lilly dropped out of college

Mother began to turn on Lilly’s new boyfriend

Stephen was drinking and using pills, Lilly left him

\*Critical about her weight and the way she looks

\*Strict diet and exercise, weighed herself often

@23 began to binge-eat

3 hr period→ 4000 calories

\*Saw purging as a solution

Restrictive eating → feelings of control

\*6 months→ eating disorder clinic

\*Met criteria for bulimia: binge-eating, purging/fasting/excessive exercise, self concept revolved around what body looks like

\*Cognitive-behavioral therapy: change Lilly’s bingeing and compensatory behaviors and change distorted thinking pattern