Unit 9: Cell Energy

Completed!

Cellular respiration

Burning glucose using oxygen to make ATP

What uses cellular respiration?

Almost everything (animals, plants, bacteria, ect.)

Energy molecules

Glucose & ATP

Glucose formula

C₆H₁₂O₆

Glucose purpose

The saving account of energy (bank account when out of cash; cash = energy)

ATP

Adenine triphospate

What organic moluecle is ATP?

RNA Nucleotide

What makes up ATP (RNA Nucleotide)?

3 phospate groups, 1 ribose sugar, & adenine base

What base does ATP use?

Adenine

What is the cash molecule for ALL cells?

ATP

How can ATP be drawn as?

A - P \~ P \~ P

What do the “\~” represent when drawing ATP?

Breakable bonds

How to spend ATP?

Break off 1-2 phosphates

How much energy is released when breaking a phosphate bond?

7 kcal/mol

How much energy is needed to reattach a phosphate bond?

7 kcal/mol

Is 7 kcal/mol enough energy to do most jobs?

No

What are you left with after breaking off 1 phosphate?

ADP + Pi

What is ADP?

Adenosine diphosphate

How is ATP drawn with 1 phosphate broken off?

A - P \~ P

What are you left with after breaking off 2 phosphates?

AMP + Pi + Pi

What is AMP?

Adenosine monophosphate

How is ATP drawn with 2 phosphates broken off?

A - P

What is Pi?

Inorganic phosphate, what’s broken off of ATP, waiting to be reattached to rebuild ATP

Does cellular respiration turn glucose straight into ATP?

No

Spending ATP gives cells energy to…

* Active transport
* Building/breaking molecules
* Cellular respiration
* Movement

What does a cell do after spending most of its ATP?

Rebuilds it by burning glucose

Does ATP get spent super quickly?

Yes

What does broken down glucose recombine into?

CO2 and H2O

How much energy does glucose have?

676 - 686 kcal/mol

How many phosphates can be reattached to rebuild how many ATP using glucose energy?

38 phosphates, 38 ATP

How efficient is converting glucose energy into ATP energy?

40% efficient

What is the remaining 60% of energy when converting glucose energy into ATP energy lost as?

Heat

How is the 60% of energy lost as heat used?

To keep the body warm

What is the general equation for cellular respiration?

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

Why do we break little energy of glucose bonds at a time?

Breaking all bonds of glucose at once would release everything in only heat

How many stages are there of cellular respiration?

3 1/2 stages

What is the first stage of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

What is the first and a half stage of cellular respiration?

Oxidation of pyruvate acid

What is the second stage of cellular respiration?

Kerb’s cycle

What is the last stage of cellular respiration?

Electron transport chain (ETC)

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

To break glucose in half

What is the starting molecule of glycolysis?

Glucose

What is the final product of glycolysis?

Pyruvic acid or pyruvate

What is pyruvic acid or pyruvate?

Half of a glucose (3-C each)

What is the difference between pyruvic acid or pyruvate?

A single proton difference, otherwise same molecule

Where does glycolysis take place?

In the cytoplasm (ONLY stage here)

Is glycoysis aerobic or anaerobic?

Anaerobic

Which stages are anaerobic?

One, only glycoysis

What controls chemical reactions in all the stages of cellular respiration?

Enzymes

Can the chemical reactions in the stages of cellular respiration be controled by one enzyme?

No, each reaction needs a different enzyme

What is NAD+?

Vitamine, co-enzyme

What does NAD+ do?

Helps break down glucose, steals 2 p+ and 2 e- from glucose

What does NAD+ convert to after taking 2 high energy e- from glucose?

NADH

What does NADH do?

Stores e- temporarily to be used in last stage to make ATP

How much ATP is made in glycolysis?

2

What is the equation that summarizes glycolysis?

C6 H12 O6 + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvic acid 4 ATP + 2 NADH

What is the total net energy yield gained from glycolysis?

2 ATP + 2 NADH

Why is only 2 ATP gained from glycolysis?

Makes 4 ATP, spends 2 to build

What is the starting molecule of oxidation of pyruvic acid?

Pyruvic acid (product from previous stage glycolysis)

Where does oxidation of pyruvic acid take place?

Matrix (inside center part of mitocondria)

Is oxidation of pyruvic acid aerobic or anaerobic?

Aerobic

How is oxygen used in oxidation of pyruvic acid?

It doesn’t use, but needs to be present

What is the final product of oxidation of pyruvic acid?

2 acetyl groups

What is the equation glycolysis?

2 pyruvic acid + 2 COA + 2 NAD+ → 2 CO2 + 2 acetyl COA + 2 NADH

How many carbon does an acetyl group have?

2-C

What is COA?

Enzyme, vitamin B

What does COA do?

Leads 2 acetyl like crossing gaurd

What is the total net energy yield per glucose in oxidation of pyruvic acid?

2 NADH

How many chemical reactions make up the oxidation of pyruvic acid stage?

1

What is the purpose of Kreb’s cycle?

To completely break down acetyl groups (glucose)

What is the starting molecule of Kreb’s cycle?

2 acetyl groups

How many times is Kreb’s cycle done?

Twice

Why does Kreb’s cycle have to be done more than once?

For every acetyl group, a single cycle does 1 group

Where does glycolysis take place?

Matrix of mitocondria

Is Kreb’s cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

Aerobic

How is oxygen used in Kreb’s cycle?

It doesn’t use, but needs to be present

What is the final product of Kreb’s cycle?

Carbon dioxide gas

What does FAD do?

Picks up 2 H (like NAD+) in Kreb’s cycle

What does FAD convert into after picking up 2 H?

FADH2

Where can FADH2 be made?

ONLY Kreb’s cycle

How are the acetyl groups completely broken down?

4 CO2 is made in Kreb’s cycle

What is the total net energy yield gained from Kreb’s cycle (per glucose)?

2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 FADH2

What is a ETC made of?

Chain of 9 proteins

Where does ETC take place?

Inner membrane of mitochondria

What is the starting molecule of ETC?

All NADH and FADH2 from previous stages (10 NADH, 2 FADH2)

What does NADH do in ETC?

Gives 2 H to 1st protein, recycled into NAD+ to get more H

What does the 1st protein of ETC do?

Seperates H atom into H+ and e-

What are H+?

Protons (p+)

What happens when e- pass through a protein in ETC?

Drops slightly in energy

When do e- have big drops in energy levels during ETC?

Beginning, middle, and end

Why does e- have big drops in energy when going through ETC?

Energy used in active transport to move 2 H+ through protein door into intermembrane

Is ETC aerobic or anaerobic?

Aerobic

How is oxygen used in ETC?

Accepts final e-, makes water

What is the final e- accepter in ETC?

Oxygen

How is water made in ETC?

* Oxygen binds final 2 e- at ETC end to itself
* Finds 2 p+
* Reunites 2 e- and 2 p+ = 2 H
* Makes H2O

What is the final product of ETC?

H20 (water)

What is ATP synthase?

Protien acting like enyzme

What does ATP synthase do?

Makes ATP

How does ATP synthase make ATP?

* H+ leaks (without energy) through ATP synthase using facilitated diffusion from intermembrane space to matrix
* H+ leaks when 2 H+ goes through protein during ETC active transport
* Every time H+ leaks, ADP reunites with Pi to make ATP

How much ATP is made per NADH?

3