intelligence, thinking, language review

aptitude tests

assessment that predicts ur ability to learn a new skill or future performance

mental set

type of fixation, tendency to approach a problem in one particular way-usually one that was successful in the past

intuition

effortless immediate automatic feeling or thought contrasted w explicit conscious effortful reasoning

linguistic determinism

you are not capable of forming thoughts outside of your linguistic structure

representativeness heuristic

categorizes something by how similar it is to our conception of the typical member of the category

syntax

the set of rules for combining words into sensible sentences

g-factor

general intelligence - a general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand manage, and use emotions. Being both socially aware and self-aware at the same time

the flynn effect

standardized tests are periodically restandardized to establish a relevant norm. this process has revealed that the norm for intelligence has been rising worldwide

language

spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

over generalization

• word usage in context, modeling, word explosion

• attempts at applying grammar rules - shaping through error

triarchic theory

aptitude can be grouped into Creative, Analytical, and Practical

normative models

describe the way thinking SHOULD be. Conditions are optimal

cultural bias

Tendency of IQ tests to reflect, in language, dialect, and content the culture of the person or persons who designed the test

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

framing effects

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

fixation

inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

descriptive models

Seek to accurately describe real-life thinking patterns of individuals in controlled contexts

algorithm

all operations required to make a decision are specified in order which deductively arrives at an outcome

concepts

mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

stereotype threat

a self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

longitudinal studies

researchers retest the same cohort of individuals over a long period of time

gardner

posited 9 multiple domains/aptitudes that are distinct from each other such that loss of one aptitude will not impact the others

10 year rule

Shows traits like persistence affect aptitude - a common ingredient in expert level performance across contexts and domains

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledse and verbal skills; tends to increase with age and experience

divergent thinking

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; associated with creativity and frontal lobe activity

twin & adoption studies

Used to measure heritability of intelligence. Shows that identical genetic makeup produces testing so similar that it matches those of a single person doing the test twice

critical/sensitive period

learning not possible w out difficulty & effort after this period

morphemes

smallest language units that carry meaning

theory of bounded rationality

humans not rational decision makers under most conditions

sternberg’s creativity

5 components needed:

• expertise

• imaginative thinking

• venturesomeness

• intrinsic motivation

• creative environment

productive thinking

occurs later in infancy, recognition of noun-verb differences, babbling begins & eventually a household language develops

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason quickly & abstractly; tends to decrease into late adulthood

receptive thinking

infants’ ability to understand what is said to and about them

overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—overestimating accuracy of beliefs & judgements

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradictory evidence

convergent thinking

narrowing the available problem solutions to determining the single best solution

• associated left brain lobe activity; intelligence and intelligence testing

heritability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

semantics

a set of rules for depriving meaning from sounds

insight

sudden realization of a problem's solution. Contrasted with strategy-based solutions

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

intelligence

The mental potential to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

achievement tests

assessment that reflects what you have learned

creativity

the ability to create novel & valuable ideas

utility theory

choices should be based on the option that maximizes benefit and minimizes harm

prototypes

mental image of a best example of a category

heuristic

mental shortcuts, cognitive strategies or procedures to refine decision-making or problem solving based on experience

incubation

inattention to the problem with defocused attention for a period of time; inattention to the problem allows for automatic processing to form new associations

wisdom tests

Used to control for speed versus accuracy in intelligence tests - include items that assess expert knowledge about life in general, good judgement, advice regarding good conduct in uncertain situations

grammar

a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 (2 standard deviations from the mean) or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life along three skill sets; conceptual skill, social skill, and practical skills

gifted intelligence

a condition of expanded mental ability, results in scoring more than 2 standard deviations above the norm in psychological testing

availability heuristic

assesses how readily certain instances come to mind; used for judging the frequency or probability of some type of event

language acquisition device

innate capacity to learn a language, a form of implicit statistical learning of speech patterns that points to a universal grammar for all humans

wolfgang kohler

Investigated insight in animals - showed problem solving in chimps

social intelligence

the know-how involved in managing social situations and managing yourself successfully

phoneme

the smallest distinctive sound unit in language

cross-sectional studies

researchers compare people of different ages at the same point of time

thurstone

used 56 different tests for mental ability and sorted responses into 7 clusters of primary mental ability

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill. Supports the idea that there are distinct domains for intelligence

WISC

15 subtests gives more detailed breakout of aptitudes than the single IQ score

self fulfilling prophecy

When one's expectations affect one's behavior in a way that makes the expectations come true

sapir-whorf hypothesis

language affects quality of experiences; closely linked to memory & reconsolidation according to a particular linguistic structure