Chemical Bonds and Empirical Formulas

These flashcards cover key concepts from Chapter Five related to chemical bonding, mixtures, formula mass calculations, percentage composition, and empirical formulas.

Sigma Bonds

Single covalent bonds formed by the head-on overlap of atomic orbitals.

Pi Bonds

Covalent bonds formed by the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals.

Hybridization

The mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals for bonding.

Pure Substance

A material with a constant composition and consistent properties.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that retain their individual properties.

Formula Mass

The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a chemical formula.

Percentage Composition

The mass percent of each element in a compound, calculated as (mass of element / total mass of compound) x 100%.

Empirical Formula

A formula showing the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.

Avogadro's Number

The number of particles (atoms, molecules) in one mole of a substance, approximately 6.022 x 10^23.

Molecular Formula

A formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

Critical Thinking in Problem Solving

The process of carefully analyzing a problem, understanding what is given, and what is required to find the solution.