Unit 4 AP HG Vocab

State

largest political unit, the formal term for a country

organization of the petroleum exporting countries(opec)

focuses on production of oil, or petrol. its mission is to coordinate and unify its members’ petroleum policies in order to stabilize oil markets. membership spans three continents, including countries such as saudi arabia, kuwait, indonesia, venezuela, nigeria, and iran.

State

largest political unit, the formal term for a country

organization of the petroleum exporting countries(opec)

focuses on production of oil, or petrol. its mission is to coordinate and unify its members’ petroleum policies in order to stabilize oil markets. membership spans three continents, including countries such as saudi arabia, kuwait, indonesia, venezuela, nigeria, and iran.

representative districts

the ideal, in which voting districts are equal in population, contiguous, and compact. they are truly representative of the people living in the district.

antecedent boundary

49th parallel that separates USA and Canada(also a geometric Boundary)

antecedent boundary

borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in a territory

gerrymandering

redistricting for a political advantage when the political part that contains a majority of seats in the state legislature draws a political district boundary to maintain and extend their political power( dude named gerry last drew a district that looked like a salamander, hence the name)

State

has a defined boundary, contains a permanent population, maintains sovereignty over its domestic and international affairs, and is recognized by other states

State

United States, Belgium, Nigeria

Sovereignty

the power of a political unit, or government, to rule over its own affairs

Soverignity

The right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders(and also protect with military)

Nation

a group of people with a common cultural heritage, a set of beliefs that unify them, a traditional claim to a particular space as their homeland, a desire to establish their own state or express self-rule in another way

Nation

A nation is a group of people with a common identity through shared cultural traits such as language, religion, ethnicity, and heritage

Nation

The Maasai in East Africa live in Southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. They are a semi-nomadic ethnic group with a traditional culture and language.

Nation

Kurds, Catalans, Scots

Nation-States

a nation of people who fufill the qualifications of a state

Nation-state

A nation-state is when the borders of the nation match the borders of the state- a state with (ideally) only one nation within it

Nation-state

No "true" examples: Japan(98% Japanese, 70% Shinto & Buddhist), Denmark(86.3% Danish, 75% Lutheran), Iceland(81% Norse/Celtic Heritage

67% Lutheran)

Nation-States

Iceland, Japan

Multinational States

a country that contains more than one nation

Multinational State

A multinational state is a country within various ethnicities and cultures within its borders.

Multinational States

Canada, United States, Russia, former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria(Last 2 in notes)

Autonomous Regions

a defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state

Autonomous Region

a location within a state that is given authority to govern independently from the national government

Autonomous Regions

Åland

Semiautonomous Regions

A state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule

Semiautonomous Regions

Navajo

Autonomous or Semi Autonomous Region

Hong Kong & Tibet, Native American Indian Reservations and Tribal Lands

Stateless Nation

a group that has no independent politicial entity

Stateless Nation

Nations without a state to occupy

Stateless Nation

Kurds in SW Asia, Palestinians in Israel, Basques near Spanish-French border

Multistate Nation

a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states

Multistate Nation

Hungarians in Hungary and Transylvania region of Romania and Korean nation divided into two states w/ large numbers in US and China

Multistate Nation

Consists of a nation of people that live in more than 1 state

Multistate Nation

After the fall of the Soviet Union, ethnic Russians living in former Soviet territories such as Estonia, Latvia, and Ukraine. Kurds would always be considered a multistate nation, too.

State

Has Defined territory with borders, Permanent population, Government, Sovereignty: The right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders, Recognition from other states

Nation

a group of people with a common identity through shared cultural traits such as language, religion, ethnicity, and heritage.

Nation

The Maasai in East Africa live in southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. They are a semi-nomadic ethnic group with a traditional culture and language.

Nation-State

when the borders of the nation match the borders of the state - a state with (ideally) only one nation within it.

Nation-State

No true example, but close examples are Japan, Denmark and Iceland

Stateless Nation

nations of people without a state to occupy.

Multi-State Nation

consists of a nation of people that live in more than one state.

Multi-State Nation

After the fall of the Soviet Union, ethnic Russians living in former Soviet territories such as Estonia, Latvia and Ukraine.

Multination State

is a country with various ethnicities and cultures within its borders

Multination State

The United States, Russia, the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria

Autonomous Region

a location within a state that is given authority to govern independently from the national government.

Autonomous Region

Hong Kong, Tibet and others

Semi-autonomous

Native American Indian Reservations and Tribal lands

Nationalism

a nation's desire to create and maintain a state of its own

Nationalism

en example of a centripetal force

Centripetal force

force that helps to unify people within a country

Centripetal force

a shared religion, external threats, a common language

Centripetal force

Roman Catholicism united Mexicans

Centripetal force

Estonians are united by fear of Russia

Centripetal force

Japanese share the same language

Centrifugal force

a force that tends to divide people, break states apart, or even prevent states from forming

Centrifugal force

most Belgians in north speak a Dutch language called Flemish and are historically Protestants, while people in southern regions of Belgium speak French and tend to be Roman Catholics

Imperialism

includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance

Colonialism

a particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country

Berlin conference

In 1884 + 1885 representatives from the major empires of Europe met in the German capital of Berlin to lay out claims made on the continent of Africa to form state boundaries

Self-Determination

right to choose their own sovereign government without external influence

Decolonization

undoing of colonization, in which indigenous people reclaim sovereignty over their territory

Decolonization

all European colonies winning independence after Berlin conference

Genocide

organized mass killing, in which people are targeted because of their race, religion, ethnicity or nationality

Satellite States

Eastern European states liberated from Nazi Germany that were later occupied by Soviet army

Satellite States

a state dominated by another, politically and economically

Devolution

process in which one or more regions are given increased autonomy by the central political unit

Devolution

Soviet Union beginning to collapse, and granting the 15 republics more autonomy and self-rule

Geopolitics

study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states

Geopolitics

relates to trade, resource management, and the environment on a global scale

Territoriality

A willingness by a person or a group of people to defend space they claim

Territoriality

influence others or shape events by asserting control over a space

Neocolonialism

economic, political, or even cultural control was indirectly exerted over developing countries

Neocolonialism

transnational corporations based in European countries continued to control the extraction of natural resources through mining and the export of coffee, cacao, bananas, and other crops on plantations in developing countries

Choke Point

a place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction

Choke Point

Natural valleys or bridges

Choke Point

straits, or canals

Self-Determination

The right of all people to govern themselves. Usually a nation, ethnicity, or former colony wants to govern themselves and establish sovereignty over their own state. oftentimes may result in independence movements or devolution. catalonians and kurds

Devolution

Due to centrifugal forces, power is shifted from the central government or administration to regional authorities which are usually reflective of nations.

Berlin Conference

European powers gathered to divide up the continent of Africa and establish borders.

Berlin Conference

Europeans drew political boundaries for their own benefits without regard to tribal cultures and distributions.

Territoriality

Historic and cultural links, Governments, Economics, Boundaries, Sovereignty, Defense/military, Sometimes leads to conflict.

Political Power

defined as control over people, land and resources.

Neocolonialism

use of economic, political, cultural or other pressures in order to control or influence other countries.

Neocolonialism

Former African colonies - reliant on outside investments for economic security.

Neocolonialism

Kenya - $3.8 billion dollar railroad - Chinese government owned company - crushing debt - Chinese control over the railroad.

Neocolonialism

US Wars in the Middle East

Shatterbelts

Instability within a region that is geographically located between states with overlapping territoriality and political power

Shatterbelts

Germany during the Cold War

Shatterbelts

Balkan Peninsula - Former Yugoslavia

Shatterbelts

Variety of ethnicities, religions & Languages -> Centrifugal

Choke Points

A strategic strait or canal which is narrow, hard to pass through and has competition for use.

Choke Points

Strait of Malacca (Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia), Strait of Hormuz (Iran), Suez Canal (Egypt)

Physical Geographic Boundaries

natural barriers between areas such as oceans, deserts, and mountains

Cultural Boundaries

divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity

Cultural boundary

China cuisine was once divided into two regions: wheat based in the North and rice-based in the South

Antecedent Boundary

a boundary line that preceeded the development of the cultural landscape

Antecedent Boundary

boundaries such as oceans or mountains possess static aspect with unpoulated zones in between populated states

Antecedent Boundary

hinder connections and interactions between people

Antecedent Boundary

straight-line boundaries for states across the Western frontier of the United States