psychology final

Consider a class that has multiple easy assignments with no deadlines and a teacher who gives everyone an A. According to the optimal arousal theory, you would likely feel too...

bored to do well because the class's arousal levels are too low.

The __________ is a part of the brain that is in charge of many basic physiological drives, such as hunger and thirst.

hypothalamus

According to multidimensional scaling, alertness would be considered...

high arousal but neither positive nor negative.

You're walking along a path in the jungle when you come across a tiger. According to the __________ theory of emotion, you appraise the situation at the same time as you experience a physiological response. Combined, these two factors cause you to feel afraid of the tiger.

Schachter-Singer

Consider a class in which your grade depends entirely on one difficult final exam with a teacher who grades harshly. According to the optimal arousal theory, you would likely feel too...

Stressed to do well because the class's arousal levels are too high

In men, there are clear associations between higher __________ levels and a higher motivation to engage in sexual behavior.

testosterone

According to the text, low reactivity in the __________ is associated with an antisocial personality disorder.

amygdala

You see a baby bird fall out of its nest. According to the __________ theory of emotion, you begin to cry, which makes you feel sad.

James-lange

According to Abraham Maslow, respect from others falls under which need?

esteem

If the __________ were damaged, you’d likely keep eating until your stomach couldn’t stretch anymore.

ventromedial hypothalamus

Mirror neurons are thought to contribute to feelings of…

empathy

Your friend tells you a funny joke. According to the __________ theory of emotion, the joke makes you laugh and feel happy at the same time.

Cannon-Bard

When we perceive and interact with our environment, we experience a certain type of experience. Which of the following best describes this type of experience?

online bubbles of experience

Which is not a type of mindfulness-based intervention that integrates mindfulness techniques?

re-perceiving meditation

What is the main difference between the REM and NREM phases of sleep?

REM sleep is a period of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements under closed eyelids. NREM sleep is a period of sleep outside of REM sleep.

Which scenario displays an altered state of consciousness of heightened awareness?

jumping out of a plane

Consciousness describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Choose the correct statement.

Awareness of internal stimuli includes hunger, awareness of thoughts and emotions, or feeling pain. Awareness of external stimuli includes seeing sunlight or hearing sounds.

What is the main difference between mindfulness meditation and transcendental meditation?

Mindfulness meditation focuses on thoughts related to being in the present moment, and transcendental meditation focuses on transcending one’s thoughts past the present moment.

According to Freud, what are two types of content found within dreams?

latent content and manifest content

Which of the following is not a significant adverse consequence of continued use of a substance for more than what is intended?

None of these

A woman’s menstrual cycle is an example of what type of internal, bodily rhythm?

biological rhythm

Which of the following is a component of transcendental meditation?

transcendental meditation focuses on transcending one’s thoughts past the present moment

Which of the following researchers believed that lucid dreams are an opportunity to better understand dreaming?

John Hobson

Hallucinogens, stimulants, and depressants are drug classes that fall under what type of drug category?

psychoactive drugs

Hans Selye is one of two important figures who studied the physiological impact of stress on the body. He conducted an experiment to study sex hormones in rats with surprising results. What did Selye’s experiment reveal about the body in terms of stress?

It revealed that stressors trigger harmful physiological reactions in the body due to constant exposure to stress.

Negative affectivity does not refer to…

fatigue

What does the goal setting acronym SMART stand for?

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time-Oriented

Which concept is a behavior that occurs when people or animals endure repeated painful events that feel out of their control?

learned helplessness

A 60-year-old man is sitting at home, watching his favorite TV show. All of a sudden, he feels pressure against his chest and starts feeling lightheaded. His breath becomes short, and he is sweating. What is he experiencing?

a sudden heart attack

Decreased emotional well-being is related to what mental health concerns?

All of these

Imagine an experiment where researchers gave out three math tests rigged to ensure that each person failed each one. Surveys were taken after each test to see how the test takers felt. The surveys showed that most of the test takers felt they should give up on the test because they did not feel smart enough to pass another test. Who initiated a similar experiment?

Martin Seligman

In response to stress, the body’s sympathetic nervous system is activated and releases stress hormones to prepare your body for action. What is that response called?

fight-or-flight response

Which is not part of the SMART acronym?

repetitive

Which of these theorists was a trait theorist?

Eysenck

John accidentally tripped his sister when they were little, resulting in his sister falling face-first into a cake. John felt terrible about this for years when he was growing up, but if you ask John about it now, he says that he doesn’t remember it at all. Which defense mechanism is John portraying here?

repression

Jenny is a 24-year-old woman who enjoys yelling at others and manipulating them to do what she wants. She was a bully in high school and has retained most of those bullying behaviors even now. Jenny displays these behaviors because she finds that it is the best way for her to deal with her emotions and the stress of everyday life, even though those around her tend to suffer from her selfish behaviors. Which coping style does Jenny seem to display?

moving against people

_________ refer(s) to anything we do that may be rewarded or punished.

behavior

According to the Eysencks’ theory, people who score high on neuroticism tend to be…

anxious

Which part of the unconscious uses morality when making decisions?

superego

At what age does an individual experience the “identity vs. confusion” stage of Erikson’s eight developmental stages?

12-18

__________ refer(s) to all characteristics previously learned, including beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics.

cognitive processes

According to the two-factor model created by Hans and Sybil Eysenck, if someone is introverted and has stable emotions, which word would best describe them?

calm

Which theory did Freud develop?

psychoanalytic

Which part of the mind does Freud equate to being just the tip of the iceberg?

conscious

Which of these theorists studied the effects of birth order on an individual?

Alfred Adler

The Bobo Doll experiment, conducted by Albert Bandura, was a key factor in developing the concept of _____________.

observational learning

By the time Gordon Allport had created his final list of personality traits, he had about __________ words.

4500

According to the actor-observer bias, we have more information about ____________.

influences on our own behavior

Which of the following statements demonstrates a stereotype?

New England Patriot fans are arrogant and obnoxious

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates severity of initiation?

you go through four interview cycles to get the job you want and find you love it more than you expected

Conformity to group norms is driven by two motivations: the desire to fit in and be liked and the desire to be accurate and gain information from the group. This statement refers to which two phenomena?

normative social influence, informational social influence

Which of the following adolescents is least likely to be targeted for bullying?

the captain of the football team

On his first day of soccer practice, Jose suits up in a t-shirt, shorts, and cleats and runs out to the field to join his teammates. Jose’s behavior is reflective of…

a script

Which of the following statements demonstrates prejudice?

I hate New England Patriots fans; they make me angry

Which item below is not one of the three aspects of a persuasive message that Hovland identified as important?

medium

If performance improves when an audience is watching versus when an individual performs the behavior alone, then __________ has occurred.

social facilitation

When it comes to buying clothes, teenagers often follow social norms. This is likely motivated by…

fitting in

Prejudice is to __________ as discrimination is to __________.

feelings; behavior

Which of the following should you do when creating a persuasive message?

All of these

What is the role of a confederate in an experiment?

They are informed participants in the study.

Why is proper diagnosis of a psychological disorder essential?

A child's mother repeatedly says she hates snakes because of how disgusting and dangerous they are. The child encounters a snake in the backyard, which reflexively elicits a fear response. What type of learned pathway does this scenario describe?

verbal transmission of information

Erica is adopted. Her biological mother had schizophrenia. In what situation is Erica most likely to develop schizophrenia?

if Erica was raised in a disturbed adoptive home environment

If a person is excessively overdramatic, emotional, and theatrical, they most likely have which personality disorder?

histrionic

The process of closing large asylums and providing for people to stay in their communities to be treated locally was known as…

deinstitutionalization

In what situation would patterns of inner experience and behavior reflect the presence of a psychological disorder?

when patterns of inner experience and behavior lead to significant distress and impairment in one's life

In order for someone to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, how long must symptoms occur?

most days for at least six months

Keith believes the FBI has planted secret cameras in his apartment to watch his every action. What is Keith’s false belief an example of?

a delusion

Antisocial personality disorder is often associated with…

emotional deficits

In the 19th century, the mentally ill were often forced to live in __________, where they would receive poor treatment for the rest of their lives.

asylums

What are the two most well-known classification systems used to organize psychological disorders?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; International Classification of Diseases

Asking questions to redirect a person's focus away from oneself, sitting in the back of the room, and taking on roles that do not rely on socializing are which type of behaviors?

safety behaviors

Which of the following symptoms of psychotic disorders does a complete lack of movement and verbal behavior fall under?

abnormal motor behavior

If a person avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fear of criticism or rejection, these could be signs of which type of which personality disorder?

avoidant

If Jenny visits her doctor because she is feeling depressed and would like to seek treatment for her depression, this is __________ treatment.

voluntary