Studied by 10 people
ionic bonding is the result of what
electrons being completely transferred
what kind of elements are involved in an ionic bond
one metal and nonmetal that are far apart on the periodic table
covalent bonding is the result of what
electrons being shared
what kind of elements are in a covalent bond
two non metals or one metal and nonmetal that are close to each other on the periodic table
nonpolar covalent bond
electrons are shared equally because the elements have the same electronegatives
polar covalent bond
electrons are shared unequally which creates partially charged poles
why do atoms form bonds
to become stable/ form an octet
what is meant by a stable octet
their ending electron is S2P6
what does is mean if in a covalent bond, there is un-shared pairs
the molecule is polar
what are the characteristics of ionic compounds
high melting point, hard to crush, soluble in water, and good conductors
what are the characteristics of covalent molecules
low melting point, soft(able to crush), slightly insoluble, bad conductors
what are the five kinetic theories of gases
gases have lots of tiny particles that are far apart, collisions between gas particles and the container wall are called elastic collisions, they have kinetic energy because they are always in motion, there is no forces of attraction between gas particles, temp of gas depends on the average kinetic energy of the gas
crystal
a 3D organized pattern of unit cells
lattice
the organized repeating pattern that is in a crystal
solid
definite shape and definite volume
liquid
definite volume and no shape
gas
no definite shape or volume
amorphous
without crystals but not without shape, can hold a shape for a long time
super cooled liquid
able to hold shape for a long period of time (metastable)
melting
particles change position from solid to a liquid
melting point
temp at which a solid becomes a liquid (Vapor pressure of a solid = vapor pressure of a liquid)
sublimation
when a solid goes straight to a gas instead of being in the liquid phase first
what are sublimation examples
solid air freshener, moth balls and dry ice
phase diagram
compares temp and pressure, telling you at what temp and pressure your substance is either a solid, liquid or gas
triple point
when a substance can be a solid, liquid or gas at the same temp and pressure
pressure
number of collisions
STP
standard, temp and pressure
what are the values of STP
standard pressure is 101.3 Kpa or 1atm and standard temp is 0 degrees C or 273K for gases
absolute zero
-273K
daltons law of partial pressure
the total pressure is equal to the sum of partial pressures
boyles law
temp is constant, pressure and volume vary inversely (P⬆️ V⬇️)
charles law
pressure is constant, volume and temp vary directly (V⬆️T⬆️)
gay-lussac law
volume is constant, pressure and temp vary directly
(P⬆️ T⬆️)
how do you convert celcius to kelvin
add 273
solvent
greater volume, does the dissolving
solute
less volume, what is being dissolved
electrolyte
substance that has an electric current
unsaturated
still has left over space between particles
saturated
all spaces are filled between particles
supersaturated
more than the max amount of solute has been dissolved
what are the restrictions for solutes and solvents being able to successfully mix
they both have to be polar or they both have to be nonpolar
miscible
how mixable something is
how do you dissolve a solid in a liquid
heat it, stir it, or increase the surface area(grind solid up)
how do you dissolve a gas in a liquid
increase the pressure and cool it
if 2 moles of a solute are dissolved in 1 liter of solutions what is the morality of the solution
2M
molarity
moles/liters
molality
moles/kilogram
what are the colligative properties
vapor pressure, boiling point, osmotic pressure, and freezing point
freezing point depression
the LOWERING of the freezing point of a liquid that occurs when substances are dissolved in the liquid
what is an example of freezing point depression
salt on icy roads
arrhenius base
releases hydroxide (OH-)
arrhenius acid
releases hydrogen ions (H+)
hydroxide ion
OH-
neutralization
when you mix an acid and a base it makes salt and water
in an acid does hydronium or hydroxide have a higher concentration
hydronium
in a base does hydronium or hydroxide have a higher concentration
hydroxide
in what substance is the concentration of hydronium and hydroxide equal
water
what is the pH value of an acid
0-6
what is the pH value of a base
8-14
which end of the pH scale represents a strong acid
left
which end of the pH scale represents a strong base
right
indicator
a substance that changes color based on the pH of your solution, tells you the pH is of your solution
titration
controlled addition and measurement of the amt of solution of known concentration required to react completely with a measured amt of another solution with an unknown concentration in order to find the unknown concentration
specific heat
amount of energy required to raise one gram of a substance one degree celsius
enthalpy change
heat content
▲H
change in enthalpy(heat)
endothermic
reactants gain energy (absorbing the heat)
exothermic
reactants lose energy (releasing heat)
how is enthalpy shown for an exothermic reaction
-▲H
how is enthalpy shown for an endothermic reaction
+▲H
the tendency in nature is for a reaction to _____ enthalpy
lose
the tendency in nature for a reaction to _____ entropy
gain
entropy
degree of randomness- amount of disorder
reaction mechanism
the series of baby steps in a chemical reaction
activation energy
little bit of energy you have to add to get a reaction started
reaction rate
how long it takes for reaction to take place
catalyst
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any chemical change to itself
forward reaction
when the equation looks like reactants → products
reverse reaction
when the equation looks like reactants <-- products
equillibrium
when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction (also called dynamic equillibrium)
equilibrium constant
Keq
what does it mean when the Keq value is greater than 1
you will have more products because the forward reaction is favored
what does it mean when the Keq value is less than 1
you will have more reactants because the reverse reaction is favored
Le Chatelier’s Principle
when you have a system at equilibrium and stress is applied, the equilibrium shifts to release the stress
what happens when you add a reactant
other reactant is used to make more products
what happens when you remove a reactant
products are both used to make other reactant
what happens when you add a product
other product is used to make more reactants
what happens when you remove a product
reactants are used to make more of the other product
hydrochloric acid
HCl
Acetic acid
CH3COOH
carbonic acid
H2CO3
nitric acid
HNO3
phosphoric
H3PO4
sulfuric
H2SO4
ammonia
NH3
what is a compound that has hydrogen bonding
H2O(water)
diffusion
scattering of particles from high to low
