Chemistry Spring Final

ionic bonding is the result of what

electrons being completely transferred

what kind of elements are involved in an ionic bond

one metal and nonmetal that are far apart on the periodic table

covalent bonding is the result of what

electrons being shared

what kind of elements are in a covalent bond

two non metals or one metal and nonmetal that are close to each other on the periodic table

nonpolar covalent bond

electrons are shared equally because the elements have the same electronegatives

polar covalent bond

electrons are shared unequally which creates partially charged poles

why do atoms form bonds

to become stable/ form an octet

what is meant by a stable octet

their ending electron is S2P6

what does is mean if in a covalent bond, there is un-shared pairs

the molecule is polar

what are the characteristics of ionic compounds

high melting point, hard to crush, soluble in water, and good conductors

what are the characteristics of covalent molecules

low melting point, soft(able to crush), slightly insoluble, bad conductors

what are the five kinetic theories of gases

gases have lots of tiny particles that are far apart, collisions between gas particles and the container wall are called elastic collisions, they have kinetic energy because they are always in motion, there is no forces of attraction between gas particles, temp of gas depends on the average kinetic energy of the gas

crystal

a 3D organized pattern of unit cells

lattice

the organized repeating pattern that is in a crystal

solid

definite shape and definite volume

liquid

definite volume and no shape

gas

no definite shape or volume

amorphous

without crystals but not without shape, can hold a shape for a long time

super cooled liquid

able to hold shape for a long period of time (metastable)

melting

particles change position from solid to a liquid

melting point

temp at which a solid becomes a liquid (Vapor pressure of a solid = vapor pressure of a liquid)

sublimation

when a solid goes straight to a gas instead of being in the liquid phase first

what are sublimation examples

solid air freshener, moth balls and dry ice

phase diagram

compares temp and pressure, telling you at what temp and pressure your substance is either a solid, liquid or gas

triple point

when a substance can be a solid, liquid or gas at the same temp and pressure

pressure

number of collisions

STP

standard, temp and pressure

what are the values of STP

standard pressure is 101.3 Kpa or 1atm and standard temp is 0 degrees C or 273K for gases

absolute zero

\-273K

daltons law of partial pressure

the total pressure is equal to the sum of partial pressures

boyles law

temp is constant, pressure and volume vary inversely (P⬆️ V⬇️)

charles law

pressure is constant, volume and temp vary directly (V⬆️T⬆️)

gay-lussac law

volume is constant, pressure and temp vary directly

(P⬆️ T⬆️)

how do you convert celcius to kelvin

add 273

solvent

greater volume, does the dissolving

solute

less volume, what is being dissolved

electrolyte

substance that has an electric current

unsaturated

still has left over space between particles

saturated

all spaces are filled between particles

supersaturated

more than the max amount of solute has been dissolved

what are the restrictions for solutes and solvents being able to successfully mix

they both have to be polar or they both have to be nonpolar

miscible

how mixable something is

how do you dissolve a solid in a liquid

heat it, stir it, or increase the surface area(grind solid up)

how do you dissolve a gas in a liquid

increase the pressure and cool it

if 2 moles of a solute are dissolved in 1 liter of solutions what is the morality of the solution

2M

molarity

moles/liters

molality

moles/kilogram

what are the colligative properties

vapor pressure, boiling point, osmotic pressure, and freezing point

freezing point depression

the LOWERING of the freezing point of a liquid that occurs when substances are dissolved in the liquid

what is an example of freezing point depression

salt on icy roads

arrhenius base

releases hydroxide (OH-)

arrhenius acid

releases hydrogen ions (H+)

hydroxide ion

OH-

neutralization

when you mix an acid and a base it makes salt and water

in an acid does hydronium or hydroxide have a higher concentration

hydronium

in a base does hydronium or hydroxide have a higher concentration

hydroxide

in what substance is the concentration of hydronium and hydroxide equal

water

what is the pH value of an acid

0-6

what is the pH value of a base

8-14

which end of the pH scale represents a strong acid

left

which end of the pH scale represents a strong base

right

indicator

a substance that changes color based on the pH of your solution, tells you the pH is of your solution

titration

controlled addition and measurement of the amt of solution of known concentration required to react completely with a measured amt of another solution with an unknown concentration in order to find the unknown concentration

specific heat

amount of energy required to raise one gram of a substance one degree celsius

enthalpy change

heat content

▲H

change in enthalpy(heat)

endothermic

reactants gain energy (absorbing the heat)

exothermic

reactants lose energy (releasing heat)

how is enthalpy shown for an exothermic reaction

\-▲H

how is enthalpy shown for an endothermic reaction

\+▲H

the tendency in nature is for a reaction to _____ enthalpy

lose

the tendency in nature for a reaction to _____ entropy

gain

entropy

degree of randomness- amount of disorder

reaction mechanism

the series of baby steps in a chemical reaction

activation energy

little bit of energy you have to add to get a reaction started

reaction rate

how long it takes for reaction to take place

catalyst

**a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any chemical change to itself**

forward reaction

when the equation looks like reactants → products

reverse reaction

when the equation looks like reactants

equillibrium

when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction (also called dynamic equillibrium)

equilibrium constant

Keq

what does it mean when the Keq value is greater than 1

you will have more products because the forward reaction is favored

what does it mean when the Keq value is less than 1

you will have more reactants because the reverse reaction is favored

Le Chatelier’s Principle

when you have a system at equilibrium and stress is applied, the equilibrium shifts to release the stress

what happens when you add a reactant

other reactant is used to make more products

what happens when you remove a reactant

products are both used to make other reactant

what happens when you add a product

other product is used to make more reactants

what happens when you remove a product

reactants are used to make more of the other product

hydrochloric acid

HCl

Acetic acid

CH3COOH

carbonic acid

H2CO3

nitric acid

HNO3

phosphoric

H3PO4

sulfuric

H2SO4

ammonia

NH3

what is a compound that has hydrogen bonding

H2O(water)

diffusion

scattering of particles from high to low