Studied by 3 people
Hindsight Bias
“Knew it all along” bias
Applied Research
Clear, practical applications
Basic Research
Not intended to have an immediate application
Hypothesis
Relationship between two variables
Independent Variable
Variable you are manipulting in a research project
Dependent Variable
Variable that is being measured; changed
Theory
Explains phenomenons and allows testable hypotheses
Operational Definition
Raises issues about validity and reliability
Validity
Measures what the researcher set out to measure; accurate
Reliability
Can be replicated/ consistent
Sampling
The process in which participants are selected
Sample
Selected from one identified in a population
Population
Anyone or anything that could be selected
Representative Sample
Representatitve of an even larger population
Random Sampling
Every member has an equal chance at selection
Stratified Sampling
Allows a researcher to ensure the sample represents the population
Experiement - Laboratory and field
Laboratoy- conducted in a lab, controlled environment
Field- Conducted out in the world
Confounding Variables - Participant and Situation-Relevant
Participant-Relevant: The chance that participants in 2 groups differs
Situation-Relevant: Making the environments in 2 groups as similar as possible
Random Assignement
Each participant has an equal chance of being placed
Controls
Controls for Participant-Relevant Variables; allows for a chance for participants in two groups to differ
Group Matching
Ensures experimental and control groups were equivalent on some criteria
Experimental Group - Gets treatment optionalized in independent variables
Control Group - Gets none of the independent variable
Experiementer Bias
Unconscious tendency for researchers to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis
Double-Blind Procedure
When the researcher or participant aren’t able to affect the outcome of the research
Single-Blind Procedure
When only the participant doesn’t know which group they were assigned to
Response or Participant Bias
Response Bias - tendency for subject to behave in certain ways
Participant Bias- use cues to try to respond appropriately
Social Desirability
Tendency to try to give answers that reflect on them well
Hawthorne Effect
Subjects alternation of behaviour when knowing they are being observed
Placebo Method
Seperates actuality from fiction
Correlations - Positive and Negative
Correlation: expresses a relationship between 2 variables without describing pos. or neg.
Positive: presence of one thing predicts the presence of the other
Negative: Presence of one thing predicts absense of the other
Survey Methods
Asking people to fill out surveys; no longer control for participant-relevant confounding variables
Response Rate
measure of amount of responses that take place in a certain period of time
Naturalistic Observation
Observing participants in natural habitats without interacting; aim is to get realistic results
Case Study Method
used to get full, detailed picture of one partipant/small group
Descripritive Statistics
describes a set of data
Measures of central tendency - Mean, Median, Mode
Central Tendency - measure of # attempts to mark the center of a distribution
Mean: average; add up everything, divide by amount
Median: central; write in ascending/descending order, find middle
Mode: appears most frequently
Extreme Scores or Outliers
Distorts the accuracy of the mean
Positice VS Negative Skew
Positive Skew- when distribution includes an extreme score that is very high
Negative Skew- when distribution is caused by a low score
Measures of Variablity - Range, Standard Deviation, Variance
Measures of Variability: Depicts diversity in a distribution
Range: Distance between the highest and lowest score
Standard Deviation and Variance: Both essentially relate the average distance of score in distribution from the mean
Z Score
measures distance of a score from mean in units of standard deviation
Normal Curve
theoretical bell-shaped curve; area under curve lies betweeen 2 scores is predetermined
Correlation Coefficient
strength of a coeeficient computed by a statistic
Scatter Plot
graphs pairs of values, one y-axis and one x-axis
Line of Best fit/Regression Line
line drawn through scatter plot to minimize the distance of all the points from the line
Inferential Statistics
determine whether or not findings can be applied to larger population from the sample selected
Sampling Error
extent to which the sample differs
P Value
gives probability that the difference between the groups is due to chace
Statistical Significance
determine if result of an experiment is because of specific factors or chance
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Institution that must be propsed any type of academic research before continuing
Coercion
forcing paticipants to volunteer
Informed Consent
explained to participant details of experiement and obtain their consent
Anonymity
when researcher don’t collect data that allows them to be able to match their response with their name
Confidentiality
secrecy, anonymous
Debriefing
after study, participants are told purpose of study and given ways to receive the results
Note 
Flashcard (36)