AP BIO ~ Unit: Chemistry of Life

Atoms

they are the buliding block of life and the smallest unit of matter

Atom composition

made up of electrons(- charge), protons(+ charge) and neutrons(neutral/no charge)

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but same number of protons

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

Hydrogen Bond

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.(Water)

Specific heat capacity

the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius

water has a high shc

heat of vaporization of water

high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound

surface tension

the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid

anions

ions with a negative charge

cations

ions with a positive charge

functional groups

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

hydroxyl

-OH (alcohol)

aldehyde

CHO

keto

C=O(acetone)

carboxyl

COOH(acids)

Amino

NH2(amino acids)

phosphate

PO4 3-

Sulfhydryl

-SH(found in proteins)

hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

water hating

monomer

small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

dimer

two monomers

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

condensation reaction

a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule

four macromolecules of life

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carboyhdrates

group that consists of carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen in about a 1 : 2 : 1 ratio, bonded by glycosidic bonds

formular of carbohydates

CnH2nOn

trioze

C3H6O3

pentoze

C5H10O5

Hexoze

C6H12O6

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

monosaccaride sugars

glucose, fructose, galactose, riboze deoxiriboze

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Dissacharide sugars

sucrose, fructose, maltoze

Polysaccharides

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides(many sugars)

polysaccharide sugars

cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin

carbohydrate functions

-main energy source for cells

- structural components

- serve as recognition in signaling molecules

-used to transfer stored energy

structue

hexagon, c6h12o6

lipids

long chain hydrocarbon molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

fatty acid

Building Blocks of Lipids

lipid composition

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

ester bond

The bond formed when fatty acid molecules are joined to glycerol molecules in condensation reactions.

function of lipids?

Insulate the body

Protect vital organs

Transport fat-soluble vitamins

Serve as a key component of cell membranes

Triglycerides(simple lipids)

compound made up of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

simplie lipids solid at room temp

fats

simplie lipids liquid at room temp

oils

saturated fatty acid

made up of single bonds

rigid and straight

solid at room temp

animla products

unsaturated fatty acid

one or more double bonds

less packed'

liquid at room temp

found in oils and nuts

considered healthier

amphipathic

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

phopsholipids

lipids made up of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, and phosphate group

phospholipds property

in aqueos environemnts, they pack tightly together and seperate, with hydrophobic parts being the tails and hydrophiliic part being the heads.

phospholipid bilayer

a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward.

energy

The capacity to do work or change

potential energy

stored energy

kinetic energy

energy of motion

Anabolic reactions (anabolism)

the linkage of simple molecules into complex molecules

Catabolic reactions (catabolism)

breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules

metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

endogernic reaction

reactions that need and absorb energy

exogernic reactions

reactions that release energy

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

Useful energy tends to decrease; each time energy is converted, some is lost to a non-usable form.

Entropy

measure of disorder

nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

nucleoctide

bulidng blocks of nucleic acids

nucleoctide composition

nitrogenous base, a sugar, and 1 to 3 phosphate groups(PO43-)

Pyrimine and Purine

the two bases of nucleic acids

DNA

made up of nucleic acids

Adenine + Deoxyribose + PO34-

a double strand molecule in a helix shape

controls inheritance

DNA bases

Adenine(A=T), Thymine(T=A), Guanine(G---C, Cytosine(C---G

RNA

made up nuecliec acids

single strand molecule

composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone with attached nitrogenous bases, specifically adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)

RNA bases

adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)

RNA types

messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA)

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

rRNA

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome