Skill Acquisition & Analysis

Traditional Pedagogy

the simple transmission of fixed knowledge from coach to athlete

Features of Traditional Pedagogy

content-focused learning

- coach-led learning

- coach has full responsibility for what, how and when learning takes place.

Non-linear Pedagogy

occurs in a non-linear, unpredictable manner with coach and athletes

exploring a situation/problem/issue together.

Features of This Approach

high levels of connectivity between athletes and coaches

- process-orientated learning

- development of creative processes in athletes

Newell’s Athlete Constraints

self-organization - movement patterns - cognition - decision-making

Environmental Constraints

physical factors such as gravity, altitude, light, music or noise as well as floor space, court surface and net or lines on the area of play

- social factors, such as peer pressure, social and cultural expectations.

Newell’s Task Constraints

the goal of the specific task - rules on actions or conditions on tasks - rules on the equipment used

Examples of Ways that Coaches can Manipulate

• Modifying equipment available

• Modifying the size of playing areas

• Setting relevant tasks goals in games

• Choosing beat/tempo in dance

• Suggesting imagery ideas

• Enforcing specific rules/conditions for performance

How Constraints-Led Approach to Learning a Given Sport Can Influence Motivation

Athlete: minimize the number of rules —> in touch rugby, allow forward passes

Environment: limit the space available to participants —> in netball, have attackers and defenders in specific zones so players focus on their own tasks

Task: modify the equipment so that the activity allows for more success —> increase the size of the golf ball (use a tennis ball) and the size of the golf club

Reasons for Using Notational Analysis in Physical Education & Sports

• providing an objective way of recording performance

• quantify performance in a reliable manner

• facilitate quantitative and qualitive feedback

Five Applications of Notation in Physical Education

• tactical evaluation

• technical evaluation

• analysis of movement

• development of database/models

• education use with teacher/coach and athlete

Phase Analysis Model

Preparation, retraction, action, & follow-through

Sporting Example of Phase Analysis Model

Preparation: the run-up

Retraction: the final foot strike

Action: the take-off and the flight

Follow-through: the landing

Performance Outcome Model

Speed principles, force principles, coordination principles, specific performances principles

Flow Chart

can be utilized to identify patterns during a game

Scattergrams

identifying two variables and plotting them on an x and y axes to determine a relationship

Frequency Tables

note how often something occurs

Sequential Systems

identifying sequences that lead to a particular outcome

Three Examples of Digital Technology

Motion Tracking: Hawk-Eye in tennis or Dartfish

Performance Analysis: prozone

Nutrition, Fitness, & Training Analysis: myfitness pal or body byte

Advantages of Information Technologies in Sports Analysis

provides data that is not available through traditional analysis techniques - provides data over shorter/longer timescales

- data is objective and accurate - allows image comparisons - feedback is immediate

- feedback information is manageable and specifically adjusted for athlete

- technologies that are commonly used today are inexpensive/getting cheaper and becoming more accessible - a way of recording the effectiveness of the coaching process

- facilitating quanititative and qualitative feedback to aid learning/motivation

Evaluate of Ways that Coaches can Manipulate Constraints

• modifying equipment available

• modifying the size of playing areas

• setting relevant task goals in games

• choosing beat/tempo in dance

• suggesting imagery ideas

• enforcing specific rules/conditions for performance

Suggest how a Constraints-Led Approach to Learning a Given Sport can Influence Motivation

Athlete: minimize the number of rules → in touch rugby, allow forward passes

Environment: limit the space available to participants → in netball, have attackers and defenders in specific zones so that players focus on their own tasks

Tasks: modify the equipment so that the activity allows for more success —> increase the size of the golf ball and the size of the golf club