Biology, Chemistry, and Physics Overview

Cells

Cells

Fundamental units of life.

Microscopes

Instruments for detailed cell observation.

Cell Types

Prokaryotic (no nucleus), eukaryotic (nucleus).

Transport in Cells

Includes diffusion, osmosis, active transport.

Growth and Stem Cells

Stem cells have differentiation potential.

Digestive System

Breaks down and absorbs nutrients.

Blood Vessels and Heart

Heart pumps blood through vessels.

Breathing

Involves inhalation and exhalation.

Diffusion

Passive movement of substances from high to low concentration.

Active Transport

Requires energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.

Cell Division

Involves mitosis (somatic cells) and meiosis (reproductive cells).

Cell Specialization

Cells differentiate for specific functions.

Nervous System

Controls and coordinates body activities.

Endocrine System

Glands release hormones for communication.

Gas Exchange in Plants

Occurs through stomata and photosynthesis.

Atoms and Subatomic Particles

Include protons, neutrons, electrons.

Ions and Isotopes

Ions have a charge; isotopes have the same protons but different neutrons.

Periodic Table Groups

Include Group 1 (alkali metals), Group 7 (halogens), Group 0 (noble gases).

Transition Metals

Located in the middle of the periodic table.

Electron Configuration

Describes how electrons are arranged around the nucleus.

Chemical Bonding Types

Include covalent, ionic, metallic.

Electronegativity Trends

Increase across periods, decrease down groups.

Chemical Reactions

Bonds break and form, resulting in new substances.

Energy Types

Include kinetic (motion), gravitational potential (height).

Efficiency

Measures how well energy is converted.

Heat Transfer

Includes conduction, convection, radiation.

Specific Heat Capacity

Amount of heat needed to raise substance temperature.

Heating and Insulating Homes

Involves central heating and proper insulation.

Renewable Energy

Includes solar power, wind energy, hydropower.

Density

Mass per unit volume.

States of Matter and Gas Pressure

Include solid, liquid, gas; gas pressure from molecular collisions.

Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.

Energy Transfer in Waves

Energy carried by particle oscillation in a medium.

Particle Model of Matter

Describes particle arrangement and movement in different states.

Gas Laws

Include Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, Gay-Lussac's Law.

Heat Engines

Convert thermal energy into mechanical work.

Nuclear Reactions

Include fission and fusion.

Ionic bond

Strong electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions.

Metallic bond

A strong electrostatic connection between positive ions and negative delocalised electrons.

Covalent bond

When atoms share electrons

Difference between plant cells and animal cells

Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane, whereas animal cells have only a cell membrane.

Cell Structure:

Term: What are the basic building blocks of living organisms?

Definition: Cells are the fundamental units of life.

Microscopes:

Term: What instrument is used to observe cells in detail?

Definition: Microscopes magnify and provide detailed views of cells.

Cell Types:

Term: What are the two main types of cells?

Definition: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

Transport in Cells:

Term: How do substances move in and out of cells?

Definition: Processes include diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

Growth and Stem Cells:

Term: What is responsible for an organism's growth?

Definition: Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types.

Digestive System:

Term: What system is responsible for breaking down food?

Definition: Involves processes of digestion and absorption in the body.

Blood Vessels and Heart:

Term: What organs are involved in transporting blood?

Definition: The heart pumps blood through blood vessels.

Breathing:

Term: How do organisms obtain oxygen?

Definition: Involves inhalation and exhalation.

Diffusion:

Term: What is the passive movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration?

Definition: Important for nutrient and waste exchange in cells.

Active Transport:

Term: How do cells move substances against their concentration gradient?

Definition: Requires energy; often involves protein pumps.

Cell Division:

Term: What process allows cells to replicate?

Definition: Involves mitosis (for somatic cells) and meiosis (for reproductive cells).

Cell Specialization:

Term: How do different cells in the body have specific functions?

Definition: Cells differentiate to perform specific roles in tissues and organs.

Nervous System:

Term: What system controls and coordinates body activities?

Definition: Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Endocrine System:

Term: How are hormones involved in communication between cells?

Definition: Glands release hormones that travel through the bloodstream.

Gas Exchange in Plants:

Term: How do plants exchange gases?

Definition: Occurs through stomata and the process of photosynthesis.

Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Periodic Table

Atoms and Subatomic Particles:

Term: What are the basic components of an atom?

Definition: Protons and neutrons in the nucleus, electrons in orbit.

Ions and Isotopes:

Term: What are ions and isotopes?

Definition: Ions have a charge, isotopes have the same protons but different neutrons.

Periodic Table Groups:

Term: Name three groups on the periodic table.

Definition: Group 1 (alkali metals), Group 7 (halogens), Group 0 (noble gases).

Transition Metals:

Term: Where are transition metals located?

Definition: Located in the middle of the periodic table.

Electron Configuration: