Unit 6 - 7 APEH

What did the Agricultural Revolution lead to?

Improved transportation, Population Explosion, The Improvement Ethos, Ready Supply of Capital, and Imperial Markets

How did the transportation improve?

Canals and Turnpikes

What is the Improvement Ethos?

Nobles thought that they were God appointed and they should improve things within England

The Cottage Industry

Common people working out of their homes to supplement their income

What caused the end of the Cottage Industry?

The demand was too high for it to keep up

Important new inventions

The Spinning Jenny and the Power Loom

What replaced the need for wind, water, and muscle for energy?

The steam engine

Industrial Revolution Time Period

1750 - 1850

What were the social problems that occurred after Industrialization?

Urbanization

Urbanization

Enclosure movement, Population growth, Easier transport, and Jobs

What did Urbanization lead to?

The formation of Shock Cities

THUP

Disease, Moral Degradation, and Political Threat

Prominent diseases during the Indy Rev

Cholera; Bloody Flux, Dysentery, and Typhus

Moral Breakdown

Disease → Death → Family Structure → Desperation → Moral Breakdown

Political Threat

Many Protests, Riots, Strikes, and Urban Revolutions, but none of them are successful

What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?

To address the chaos created by the Napoleonic wars and provide a long-term peace plan for Europe

What does the Congress of Vienna result in?

Between 1815 and 1914 there were no “major” wars

The Quadruple Alliance

An alliance between Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia committed to maintaining the Balance of Power

What was the defining moment of conservatism

The Congress of Vienna

What were the two branches of conservatism?

Paternalists and Progressives

Paternalists

Must address problems to the “father”

Progressives

Must make social concessions to the lower classes in order to save the authority of the ruling classes

Two groups in Russia

Slavophiles - Tsar as Autocrat and Westernizers - Liberalism and Socialism (eventually)

Nicolas’ Reactionary Policies

Russia’s first reactionary monarch

Russia becomes a police state

No representative assemblies

He pushed the intelligentsia away from the Slavophile perspective

Liberalism Characteristics

Individual Self-sufficiency, Classical Liberalism, Liberal Economics, Utilitarianism

Classical Liberalism

Reform not Revolution

Press for a written constitution

Utilitarianism

The greatest good for the greatest number of people with the least harm done to the minority

What is a nation?

When a group of people have common similarities

What is nationalism moving towards?

Nation-states

Where did nationalist movements occur?

Spain, Naples, Piedmont, and Greece

Who were the Intelligentsia?

Group of intellectuals who played a key role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of a nation

What happened with the 1848 Revolutions

They failed

Attributes of the 1848 Revolutions?

Liberal, Nationalist, and Romantic

Who were the people running the 1848 Revolutions?

Students and Intellectuals

What did the 1848 Revolutions lead to?

Realpolitik

What is Realpolitik?

A system of politics based on practical considerations rather than moral

What did Giuseppe Mazzini do?

Started Italian nationalism and was an activist for the unification of Italy

Count Camillo de Cavour

Prime minister of Italy and starts a newspaper called the Risorgimento

What is the Syllabus of Errors?

A list of errors that attacks modernism written by Pope Pius IX

What is modernism?

The attitude towards religion during the French revolution

What was Cavour’s Plan for Italian Unification?

Modernize Piedmont, marginalize Austrian power in the region, gain powerful allies, and eventual war to remove Austria

The Crimean War

A useless war

What was the Plombières Agreement?

An agreement between France and Piedmont outlining their plan to remove and exclude Austrian influence from the Italian peninsula.

Austro-Piedmontese War

Piedmont forces Austrian officials out of the Northern Italian states. Austria tries to turn the tides of the war and that's when France intervenes and Austria backs down.

Outcome of the Italian Unification

Politically unified, but economically divided. The north was Industrial while the South was Rural

The two German Unification plans

Kleindeutschland - small and Großdeutschland - greater

Humiliation of Ölmutz

The king almost accepts the offer of being a king of a small Germany but Austria intervenes

Otto von Bismarck

One of the most important German chancellors

What did Bismarck do to the military?

Increased the size and funding for the military

What was Germany’s main strategy towards unification?

Pick a fight but look like the victim

Step 1: German-Danish War, 1863

Prussia, German states, and Austria vs. Denmark

Step 2: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Bismarck signs treaties with Russia, France, and Italy so they would stay out of the war and defeated Austria

What is the Austro-Prussian War also known as?

The 7 weeks war

What were the new pieces of technology created during the Austro-Prussian War?

Railroads, Needle Gun, and Krupp

The North German Confederation, 1867

Prussia gains more control over the North German states and forms a confederation

Reichstag

German Parliament

Step 3: The Franco-Prussian War, 7/1870 - 1/1871

War over the Spanish throne. Napoleon III blocks the Nephew of Wilhelm from becoming king and declares war on Prussia but gets destroyed

Declaration of the German Empire

All the notable rulers are brought into Versailles to declare the German empire in France

Treaty of Frankfurt, 5/1871

Germany takes land from France and is made to pay for the damages caused by the war

Imperialism Theory

Relationship of Dominance between the Metropol and the Periphery that is evidenced by exploitation

What are the different types of Imperialism

Formal imperialism, Informal imperialism, and Gun-Boat Diplomacy

Formal Imperialism

Raise the Flag. Physically taking control of the periphery

Informal Imperialism

Show me the money. The periphery is economically dependent on the Metropol

Gun-Boat Diplomacy

Open up or I’ll shoot. Using the military to threaten the periphery

Economic Drives

Industrial

Demand for raw materials, new markets, and more efficient transportation

Economic Drives

Production

Industrial production and agricultural boom

Religious Fervor

Mixing of cultures

New Racial Theories

Classifying different races