Studied by 4 people
What did the Agricultural Revolution lead to?
Improved transportation, Population Explosion, The Improvement Ethos, Ready Supply of Capital, and Imperial Markets
How did the transportation improve?
Canals and Turnpikes
What is the Improvement Ethos?
Nobles thought that they were God appointed and they should improve things within England
The Cottage Industry
Common people working out of their homes to supplement their income
What caused the end of the Cottage Industry?
The demand was too high for it to keep up
Important new inventions
The Spinning Jenny and the Power Loom
What replaced the need for wind, water, and muscle for energy?
The steam engine
Industrial Revolution Time Period
1750 - 1850
What were the social problems that occurred after Industrialization?
Urbanization
Urbanization
Enclosure movement, Population growth, Easier transport, and Jobs
What did Urbanization lead to?
The formation of Shock Cities
THUP
Disease, Moral Degradation, and Political Threat
Prominent diseases during the Indy Rev
Cholera; Bloody Flux, Dysentery, and Typhus
Moral Breakdown
Disease → Death → Family Structure → Desperation → Moral Breakdown
Political Threat
Many Protests, Riots, Strikes, and Urban Revolutions, but none of them are successful
What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
To address the chaos created by the Napoleonic wars and provide a long-term peace plan for Europe
What does the Congress of Vienna result in?
Between 1815 and 1914 there were no “major” wars
The Quadruple Alliance
An alliance between Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia committed to maintaining the Balance of Power
What was the defining moment of conservatism
The Congress of Vienna
What were the two branches of conservatism?
Paternalists and Progressives
Paternalists
Must address problems to the “father”
Progressives
Must make social concessions to the lower classes in order to save the authority of the ruling classes
Two groups in Russia
Slavophiles - Tsar as Autocrat and Westernizers - Liberalism and Socialism (eventually)
Nicolas’ Reactionary Policies
Russia’s first reactionary monarch
Russia becomes a police state
No representative assemblies
He pushed the intelligentsia away from the Slavophile perspective
Liberalism Characteristics
Individual Self-sufficiency, Classical Liberalism, Liberal Economics, Utilitarianism
Classical Liberalism
Reform not Revolution
Press for a written constitution
Utilitarianism
The greatest good for the greatest number of people with the least harm done to the minority
What is a nation?
When a group of people have common similarities
What is nationalism moving towards?
Nation-states
Where did nationalist movements occur?
Spain, Naples, Piedmont, and Greece
Who were the Intelligentsia?
Group of intellectuals who played a key role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of a nation
What happened with the 1848 Revolutions
They failed
Attributes of the 1848 Revolutions?
Liberal, Nationalist, and Romantic
Who were the people running the 1848 Revolutions?
Students and Intellectuals
What did the 1848 Revolutions lead to?
Realpolitik
What is Realpolitik?
A system of politics based on practical considerations rather than moral
What did Giuseppe Mazzini do?
Started Italian nationalism and was an activist for the unification of Italy
Count Camillo de Cavour
Prime minister of Italy and starts a newspaper called the Risorgimento
What is the Syllabus of Errors?
A list of errors that attacks modernism written by Pope Pius IX
What is modernism?
The attitude towards religion during the French revolution
What was Cavour’s Plan for Italian Unification?
Modernize Piedmont, marginalize Austrian power in the region, gain powerful allies, and eventual war to remove Austria
The Crimean War
A useless war
What was the Plombières Agreement?
An agreement between France and Piedmont outlining their plan to remove and exclude Austrian influence from the Italian peninsula.
Austro-Piedmontese War
Piedmont forces Austrian officials out of the Northern Italian states. Austria tries to turn the tides of the war and that's when France intervenes and Austria backs down.
Outcome of the Italian Unification
Politically unified, but economically divided. The north was Industrial while the South was Rural
The two German Unification plans
Kleindeutschland - small and Großdeutschland - greater
Humiliation of Ölmutz
The king almost accepts the offer of being a king of a small Germany but Austria intervenes
Otto von Bismarck
One of the most important German chancellors
What did Bismarck do to the military?
Increased the size and funding for the military
What was Germany’s main strategy towards unification?
Pick a fight but look like the victim
Step 1: German-Danish War, 1863
Prussia, German states, and Austria vs. Denmark
Step 2: Austro-Prussian War, 1866
Bismarck signs treaties with Russia, France, and Italy so they would stay out of the war and defeated Austria
What is the Austro-Prussian War also known as?
The 7 weeks war
What were the new pieces of technology created during the Austro-Prussian War?
Railroads, Needle Gun, and Krupp
The North German Confederation, 1867
Prussia gains more control over the North German states and forms a confederation
Reichstag
German Parliament
Step 3: The Franco-Prussian War, 7/1870 - 1/1871
War over the Spanish throne. Napoleon III blocks the Nephew of Wilhelm from becoming king and declares war on Prussia but gets destroyed
Declaration of the German Empire
All the notable rulers are brought into Versailles to declare the German empire in France
Treaty of Frankfurt, 5/1871
Germany takes land from France and is made to pay for the damages caused by the war
Imperialism Theory
Relationship of Dominance between the Metropol and the Periphery that is evidenced by exploitation
What are the different types of Imperialism
Formal imperialism, Informal imperialism, and Gun-Boat Diplomacy
Formal Imperialism
Raise the Flag. Physically taking control of the periphery
Informal Imperialism
Show me the money. The periphery is economically dependent on the Metropol
Gun-Boat Diplomacy
Open up or I’ll shoot. Using the military to threaten the periphery
Economic Drives
Industrial
Demand for raw materials, new markets, and more efficient transportation
Economic Drives
Production
Industrial production and agricultural boom
Religious Fervor
Mixing of cultures
New Racial Theories
Classifying different races
Note
Flashcard