Improved transportation, Population Explosion, The Improvement Ethos, Ready Supply of Capital, and Imperial Markets
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How did the transportation improve?
Canals and Turnpikes
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What is the Improvement Ethos?
Nobles thought that they were God appointed and they should improve things within England
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The Cottage Industry
Common people working out of their homes to supplement their income
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What caused the end of the Cottage Industry?
The demand was too high for it to keep up
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Important new inventions
The Spinning Jenny and the Power Loom
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What replaced the need for wind, water, and muscle for energy?
The steam engine
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Industrial Revolution Time Period
1750 - 1850
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What were the social problems that occurred after Industrialization?
Urbanization
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Urbanization
Enclosure movement, Population growth, Easier transport, and Jobs
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What did Urbanization lead to?
The formation of Shock Cities
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THUP
Disease, Moral Degradation, and Political Threat
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Prominent diseases during the Indy Rev
Cholera; Bloody Flux, Dysentery, and Typhus
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Moral Breakdown
Disease → Death → Family Structure → Desperation → Moral Breakdown
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Political Threat
Many Protests, Riots, Strikes, and Urban Revolutions, but none of them are successful
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What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
To address the chaos created by the Napoleonic wars and provide a long-term peace plan for Europe
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What does the Congress of Vienna result in?
Between 1815 and 1914 there were no “major” wars
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The Quadruple Alliance
An alliance between Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia committed to maintaining the Balance of Power
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What was the defining moment of conservatism
The Congress of Vienna
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What were the two branches of conservatism?
Paternalists and Progressives
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Paternalists
Must address problems to the “father”
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Progressives
Must make social concessions to the lower classes in order to save the authority of the ruling classes
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Two groups in Russia
Slavophiles - Tsar as Autocrat and Westernizers - Liberalism and Socialism (eventually)
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Nicolas’ Reactionary Policies
Russia’s first reactionary monarch
Russia becomes a police state
No representative assemblies
He pushed the intelligentsia away from the Slavophile perspective
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Liberalism Characteristics
Individual Self-sufficiency, Classical Liberalism, Liberal Economics, Utilitarianism
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Classical Liberalism
Reform not Revolution
Press for a written constitution
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Utilitarianism
The greatest good for the greatest number of people with the least harm done to the minority
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What is a nation?
When a group of people have common similarities
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What is nationalism moving towards?
Nation-states
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Where did nationalist movements occur?
Spain, Naples, Piedmont, and Greece
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Who were the Intelligentsia?
Group of intellectuals who played a key role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of a nation
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What happened with the 1848 Revolutions
They failed
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Attributes of the 1848 Revolutions?
Liberal, Nationalist, and Romantic
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Who were the people running the 1848 Revolutions?
Students and Intellectuals
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What did the 1848 Revolutions lead to?
Realpolitik
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What is Realpolitik?
A system of politics based on practical considerations rather than moral
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What did Giuseppe Mazzini do?
Started Italian nationalism and was an activist for the unification of Italy
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Count Camillo de Cavour
Prime minister of Italy and starts a newspaper called the Risorgimento
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What is the Syllabus of Errors?
A list of errors that attacks modernism written by Pope Pius IX
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What is modernism?
The attitude towards religion during the French revolution
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What was Cavour’s Plan for Italian Unification?
Modernize Piedmont, marginalize Austrian power in the region, gain powerful allies, and eventual war to remove Austria
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The Crimean War
A useless war
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What was the Plombières Agreement?
An agreement between France and Piedmont outlining their plan to remove and exclude Austrian influence from the Italian peninsula.
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Austro-Piedmontese War
Piedmont forces Austrian officials out of the Northern Italian states. Austria tries to turn the tides of the war and that's when France intervenes and Austria backs down.
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Outcome of the Italian Unification
Politically unified, but economically divided. The north was Industrial while the South was Rural
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The two German Unification plans
Kleindeutschland - small and Großdeutschland - greater
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Humiliation of Ölmutz
The king almost accepts the offer of being a king of a small Germany but Austria intervenes
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Otto von Bismarck
One of the most important German chancellors
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What did Bismarck do to the military?
Increased the size and funding for the military
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What was Germany’s main strategy towards unification?
Pick a fight but look like the victim
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Step 1: German-Danish War, 1863
Prussia, German states, and Austria vs. Denmark
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Step 2: Austro-Prussian War, 1866
Bismarck signs treaties with Russia, France, and Italy so they would stay out of the war and defeated Austria
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What is the Austro-Prussian War also known as?
The 7 weeks war
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What were the new pieces of technology created during the Austro-Prussian War?
Railroads, Needle Gun, and Krupp
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The North German Confederation, 1867
Prussia gains more control over the North German states and forms a confederation
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Reichstag
German Parliament
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Step 3: The Franco-Prussian War, 7/1870 - 1/1871
War over the Spanish throne. Napoleon III blocks the Nephew of Wilhelm from becoming king and declares war on Prussia but gets destroyed
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Declaration of the German Empire
All the notable rulers are brought into Versailles to declare the German empire in France
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Treaty of Frankfurt, 5/1871
Germany takes land from France and is made to pay for the damages caused by the war
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Imperialism Theory
Relationship of Dominance between the Metropol and the Periphery that is evidenced by exploitation
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What are the different types of Imperialism
Formal imperialism, Informal imperialism, and Gun-Boat Diplomacy
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Formal Imperialism
Raise the Flag. Physically taking control of the periphery
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Informal Imperialism
Show me the money. The periphery is economically dependent on the Metropol
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Gun-Boat Diplomacy
Open up or I’ll shoot. Using the military to threaten the periphery
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Economic Drives
Industrial
Demand for raw materials, new markets, and more efficient transportation
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