Homewood AP Euro- Absolutism and Constitutionalism Quiz

absolutism

The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.

constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.

Louis XIV

King of France from 1643 to 1715. His long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles. He is seen as teh quintessential absolute monarch in European history.

The Fronde

(1648-1653) Series of French rebellions of the peasants, middle class, and nobility against the regency of Anne of Austria and Mazarin. The nobility was attempting to regain power lost during the reign of Louis XIII.

Louis XIII

French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici and his advisor Cardinal Richelieu. During his reign France took strides to become the greatest power in Europe.

Cardinal Richelieu

The chief minister of Louis XIII who ran the French government from 1624 to 1642. He was a politique who wanted to make the king supreme in France and France supreme in Europe. He set out to destroy the power of the nobles and the Huguenots. He also entered the 30 Years War on the side of the Protestants in order to strengthen France.

Cardinal Mazarin

This man was the advisor to Louis XIV and his mother early in Louis' reigbn. He continued the centralizing powers of Richelieu, but in 1648 his unpopular attempts to increase royal revenues and expand the state bureaucracy resulted in a widesread rebellion known as the Fronde.

parlement

French provincial court that had the right to approve the legality of a royal act but could not legislate.

Moliere

French classicist playwright who produced popular comedies (Tartuffe) that exposed the hypocrisies and follies of society. He was a favorite of Louis XIV.

Versailles

King Louis XIV of France's palace. Its size and splendor represented Louis's unlimited power and glory. It was built to impress foreigners and as a place to control the nobility through intricate court festivities.

bureaucracy

A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials

intendant

A French government official appointed by the monarch to collect taxes and administer justice. these officials were from the middle class and were used to usurp power from nobles.

Jean- Baptiste Colbert

Financial minister for Louis XIV, furthered prosperity by promoting good farming methods, building roads and canals (infrastructure), promoted existing industries with tariffs, aided new industries with subsidies, and increased mercantilism by establishing French trading posts in India and North American colonies.

mercantilism

A17th and 18th century economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power through government manipulation. Governments

War of Devolution

Invasion of Spanish Netherlands by the French b/c Spain did not pay dowry on Louis' wife, French vs. Spain, Dutch Republic, England and Sweden. France gains some lands on border (1667- 1668)

Dutch War

War started by a French attack on the Dutch b/c the Dutch interfered with French ambitions in the Spanish Netherlands. Spain allied with the Dutch. France gained several territories including Franche- Comte. (1672- 1678)

War of the League of Augsburg

1688-1697. War in whicj Louis XIV invaded German border territories along the Rhine. Opposed by Spain, Dutch, Sweden, HRE and England. It resulted in a stalemate.

League of Augsburg

This was a military alliance that was created in 1689 by all of the major European nations except for France. The purpose of the alliance was to prevent France from dominating Europe.

Frederick William the Great Elector

Hohenzollern family leader who laid the foundation for the Prussian state. He built a large and efficient standing army for defense of his small open territory.

estate

Provinvial representative assemblies in Brandenburg- Prussia

Frederick I

Man given the title of first king of Prussia. Very militaristic.

Leopold I

Holy Roman Emperor (from 1658- 1705). he was determined to rebuild the Habsburg empire after the 30 Years War. He built a large standing army, defeated the Ottomans and gained the hereditary crown of Hungary.

Treaty of Karlowitz

Trearty that ended war between the Habsburgs and Ottomans in 1699. The Ottomans gave up claim to most of Hungary.

diet

Parliament of Hungary.

Code of 1649

Russian law that assigned all subjects to a hereditary class according to their current occupation or state needs, slaves and free peasants were merged into serfs and couldn't move from the land. Town people could not move from town to town.

Duke of Sully

Chief minister to Henry IV. His reforms enhanced power of monarchy- mercantilism, reduced royal debt, reformed tax system, oversaw improved transportation.

divine right

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

balance of power

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

gentry

A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats. They usually became prosperous through commercial ventures.

James I

Scottish king who became the first Stuart king of England after the death of Elizabeth I. As a believer in divine right and advocate of absolutism, he alienated Parliament. He also tried to make the Anglican Church more Catholic in ritual, which angered the Puritan majority. Ruled England from 1603- 1625.

Charles I

2nd Stuart king of England, Ruled from 1625- 1649. Like his father, he believed in divine right and absolutism. His disagreements with Parliament over the king's power to tax and his attempts to make the Anglican Church more Catholic led to the English Civil War. He was beheaded in 1649 after being convicted of treason against the state.

Petition of Right, 1628

Parliament forced Charles I to sign this document that would grant basic legal rights in return for granting tax increases. The provisions included: only Parliament could levy taxes, gifts, loans, or contributions, no one could be imprisoned without due process, all had a right to habeas corpus, soldiers couldn't live in the homes of private citizens, and martial law couldn't be declared during peace time. Charles I disbanded Parliament after signing this.

Short Parliament

1640. Parliament called by Charles I to raise taxes to fund fighting the war against Scotland. This Parliament refused to grant Charles his new taxes if he didn't acknowledge Parliamentary rights outlined in the Petition of Right and grant church reforms. Charles disbanded parliament after only a month.

Long Parliament

1640-1648. Charles I called this parliament when he was desperate for money after Scotland invaded Northern England. Charles agreed to certain demands of this Parliament including: Parliament had to meet at least once every three years, Parliament couldn't be dissolved without its consent, abolishing ship money, and abolishing the star chamber.

English Civil War

1642- 1649. War between the forces of Parliament and the forces of the king. Ultimately, this war was over supremacy in government and whether or not the king could make the Anglican Church more Catholic. Parliament won and the king was executed.

Cavaliers

Supporters of the king during the English Civil War. They were supporters of the Anglican Church and they were the majority of the old gentry (nobility); north and west.

Roundheads

Calvinist who opposed the king during the English Civil War. Consisted largely of Puritans and Presbyterians. Comprised a majority of businessmen. Included some nobles in the south and the east. Had the support of the navy and the merchant marine.

Oliver Cromwell

Fiercely Puritan. Leader of the Roundheads. Led his New Model Army to victory in 1649. He led England from 1649- 1660. His reign was a dictatorship.

Independent

Puritans who favored autonomous congregations free from other church government.

New Model Army

Oliver Cromwell's soldiers during the English Civil War. Defeated the Cavaliers at the Battle of Naseby.

Pride's Purge

1648. An incident in which elements of the New Model Army (without Cromwell's knowledge) removed all non-Puritans and Presbyterians from Parliament.

Rump Parliament

Result of the Pride's Purge. Had only 1/5 of the members of Parliament. Abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords.

Levellers

Radical religious revolutionaries; sought social and political reformers- a more egalitarian society. Demanded that Parliament meet every year, members be paid so all common people could participate, and that all male heads of households be allowed to vote.

Diggers

Denied Parliament's authority and rejected private ownership of land.

Interregnum

1649-1660. Reign of Oliver Cromwell. Rule without a king. Included the time period of the Commonwealth (1649- 1653) and the Protectorate (1653- 1660). England lived under strict moral codes.

Protectorate

1653-1659. A phase in Oliver Cromwell's reign. Proclaimed Cromwell as Lord Protector (dictatorship). Dissolved the Rump Parliament. Divided England into 12 districts that were under the control of a military general. Denied religious freedom to Anglicans and Catholics. Allowed Jews to return to England.

Restoration

This was the return of the Stuart kings to the throne of England after the death of Cromwell in 1659. Charles II had to agree to terms with Parliament in order to be placed on the throne.

Clarendon Code

1661. Laws instituted by monarchists and Anglicans during the Restoration period. Sought to drive all Puritans out of both political and religious life. This was a rsult of backlash from Puritan rule of England.

Test Act

1673. Required government officials to swear allegiance to the Church of England and disavowed Catholic doctrine. Excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the Church of England from voting, holding office, teaching, attending universities, or assembling for meeting. This was meant to drive Puritans out of gov't during the Restoration as a result of backlash from Puritan rule.

Habeas Corpus Act

1679. Enabled judges to demand that prisoners be in court during their trials, required just cause for continued imprisonment, provided for speedy trials, forbade double jeopardy.

James II

r. 1685-1688. Inherited the throne from his brother Charles II. Sought to return England to Catholicism. Forced to abdicate his throne by William of Orange and Mary, his daughter.

Glorious Revolution

1688-1689. Overthrew James II. There was no bloodshed. Orchestrated by Parliament. This established that there would be no absolutism in England.

William and Mary

Protestant Son- in- law and daughter of James II. Overthrew James II in the Glorious Revolution. Agreed to the Bill of Rights. Ruled England as joint sovereigns in a constitutional monarchy.

Bill of Rights

1689. Made England a constitutional monarchy. Signed by rulers William and Mary. They agreed not to raise a standing army or levy taxes without Parliament's consent, Parliament had to meet at least once every three years, guaranteed free elections to Parliamentary seats, and the rulers agreed to to abide by Parliament's decisions and not suspend any duly passed laws.

John Locke

Defended the Glorious Revolution. Wrote the Second Treatise of Civil Government. Came up with Social Contract theory.He denied the Divine Right of kings. Insisted that government's only purpose was to protect life, liberty , and property. Said ultimate authority rested in the will of the men who owned property. His ideas later validated the American Revolution.

Act of Settlement, 1701

If king William, or his sister-in-law, Anne, died without children the Crown to pass the granddaughter of James I or to her Protestant heirs. Took the Stuarts out of the line of succession.

Prime Minister

Leader of the British government. He is a member of the majority party in Parliament.

Robert Walpole

Man who is seen as the first prime minister of England, although the title had not yet been invented. He led England from 1721- 1742.

Charles II

The "Merry Monrach", he was placed back on the throne of England during the Restoration in 1660 and would rule until 1685. Although he agreed to terms of Parliament to gain the throne, he worked to disenfranchise Puritans and ease restrictions on Catholicism.