What is the official name of Iran?
Islamic Republic of Iran
List three things that make Iran unique
Geography
Islamism
Foreign domination of proud and ancient civilization
Explain how its geography makes Iran unique
Much of territory is inhospitable
Population concentrated in arable areas in the northwest
Frequent invasions
Central location and easy access due to lack of natural barriers
Massive oil deposits
Focused on resource extraction
Rentier-state
Geopolitically important for other states
Explain how Islamism makes Iran unique
Traditionally Shia
Khomenei created a theocratic system rooted in Islamism
Fundamentalist Islam
Literal reading of Koran
Scripture-based rules known as “Sharia”
Socialist-style integrated church-state
Clerics participate directly in politics
Oversee elected politicians
Root many laws in Koranic morality
Explain how the foreign domination of a proud and ancient civilization made Iran unique
Nationalistic and proud of accomplishments
Persian empire once world’s largest land empire
Desire to restore former glory and bitterly resent foreign interference
1800s: Under growing pressure from European powers
1900-1940: Controlled by Britsh and Russians
Force Iran to grant them rights to oil
1950s-1979: Strong American influence
Support Shah
Suppress Islamism and liberal political opposition
Strong nationalist, anti-foreign sentiments remain today
As a result, Iranians resent foreign interference
Who controlled Iran from 1900-1940s, and who controlled Iran from 1950s-1979?
1900-1940s: Britain and Russia
1950s-1979: America
Who introduced a theocratic system in Iran?
Khomeini
What grows influence increases on Iran from the 1800s to the 1940s?
The Western powers, US, UK, Russia, eager for access to oil
Who rules Iran before 1979?
Monarchs known as Shahs
Increasingly secular
What happened in 1906?
Iranian elites force the Shahs to introduce the following changes:
Limited democratic reforms, including the creation of a parliament
Economic reforms
Social modernizations
What happened in 1953?
Rise in nationalism and wish for independence from West
PM Mossadegh threatens to nationalize the oil industry and expel foreign companies
In response, US and UK overthrow Mossadegh and restore power of Western-friendly Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Who was the last Shah and when did his rule end
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
1975
What happened in 1975?
Islamic Revolution
Inspired by cleric Khomenei’s rhetoric, young radicals protest Western influence
Protests turn into revolution
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi flees
Khomeini - formerly exiled - returns and creates theocracy by re-writing constitution
Secular ideas purged
What happened from 1980 to 1988?
Iran-Iraq War
Iraq fails to conquer Iran’s rich oil deposits
1 million Iranian casualties
United Iranians behind new theocratic leadership
What happened between 1997 and 2003?
Tehran Spring
Khomeini dies in 1989
Steady loosening of social and political restrictions leads to victory of reformists in 1997 elections
Under president Khatami, the strict behavioural laws are loosened further, more newspaper emerge and more public criticism is allowed
What happened in 2003?
Ahmadinejad is elected as mayor of Tehran
Hardline reactionaries - worried by reforms of Khatami - take over
Outspoken newspapers forced to shut down, stricter social restrictions restored, reformers arrested or harassed
What happened in 2009?
Ahmadinejad regains presidency
Significant fraud reported
Dissatisfied youth protests seriously challenge regime’s legitimacy
Brutal crackdown
Describe the impact of the Arab Spring in Iran
Iran was rocked by events in Tunisia and Egypt
However, authorities were prepared and cut off internet services to prevent coordinated protests
Protesters who did make it to the streets were arrested, beaten or killed
Government-sponsored protests were encouraged to focus on Britain’s sanctions over nuclear programme
UK’s embassy stormed while police watched
Describe the current domestic situation in Iran
Reformists continue to be restricted, harassed, jailed and purged from government institutions
Divide between westernized urban youth and more conservative rural population
Surprise election of relatively moderate conservative president Rouhani in 2013 may indicate a subtle shift away from the extremism of Ahmedinejad
Wants to build ties with West
Tentative nuclear deal reached with his support
New hard-line president Raisi favoured by Khamenei
Citizens’ voice who want social reform and engagement with the outside world not heard
Describe Iran’s international relations
Relationship with West extremely tense because of nuclear weapons development
Threats by US and Israel to attack and eliminate nuclear programme
Describe the level of concentration of power in Iran’s government
Highly centralized unitary state with a single, powerful central government
When and by whom was the current constitution introduced?
By Khomeini in 1979
Iran’s institutions fulfill one or both of the following roles
Democratic and/or religious
What two types of law are present in Iran?
Sharia
Religious law based on Mohammed and Koran
Qanun
Secular code law created by Majles
Describe the Assembly of Religious Experts
Half democratic and half religious
86 members elected by citizens for 8-year terms
Guardian Council can reject candidates
Meet for one week a year
Choose supreme leader and can technically also dismiss him
Describe the Supreme Leader
Top religious and political institution
Head of state and church and chief executive
“Faqih”
Ultimate interpreter and defender of Shariah
Islamic tradition of “Jurist’s Guardianship”; responsibility as guardian of poor and marginalized
Oversees all of society
Expected to champion rights of ordinary people
Appointed for life by Assembly of Religious Experts
Describe what the Supreme Leader is empowered to do
Decide what presidential candidates can run
Dismiss president
Command military and security forces and declare war
Appoint top bureaucrats and judicial officials
Appoint 6 out of 12 members of Guardian council
Ensure government runs smoothly
Describe the Guardian Council
Key religious institution that oversees government and society
Oversees Majles and can veto legislation
12 members
6 appointed by Supreme Leader
6 appointed by Head of Judiciary and approved by Majles
Deeply conservative
Can disqualify presidential and parliamentary candidates
What is the Guardian Council empowered to do
Interpret constitution and Shariah
Review actions by other institutions and laws passed by Majles
Approve or reject all candidates for elected offices
Describe the Majles
Lower legislative house
One of Iran’s democratic institutions
290 members elected through SMD for 4-year terms
Powers
Create legislation (Qanun)
Approve state budget, appointments and treaties
Approve or dismiss cabinet members
Approve appointment of 6 of twelve members of Guardian council
Limitations
Cannot impeach president, Supreme Leader, Guardian Council or Expediency Council
Subject to Guardian Council approval
Laws must respect Sharia and are reviewed by Guardian Council and Supreme Leader
Some argue that limits make it rubber-stamp role
Dominated by conservatives
Describe the Expediency Council
Religious role
Oversees democratic Majles
32 members appointed by Supreme Leader
Most powerful men in Iran
Upper house
Can initiate own legislation and review Majles’ legislation
Describe the president
Head of Government
Top democratic institution
Directly elected by citizens
Still, Iran is no presidential system
Powers more limited than in other countries
Does not control military
Can be dismissed by Supreme Leader
Can be overruled by Guardian Council
Limited to two consecutive four-year terms
What is Iran’s top democratic institution?
President
What is the president empowered to to?
Develop budget and supervise economy
Propose legislation
Supervise bureaucracy
Implement government policies
Appoint cabinet
Sing treaties and agreements
Represent Iran internationally
Describe the cabinet
Appointed by president
Manages day-to-day operations of government
Supervises bureaucracy and budget
Often develops law and policies
Describe Iran’s bureaucracy
Massive
Many ministries or semi-public institutions and para-statals (government run businesses)
Supervises much of economy and state-run businesses
Mostly clerics with close ties to government leaders
Describe Iran’s court system
Shariah and Qanun
National Supreme Court is top court of appeal
National Chief Justice supervises judiciary
Assess the level of judicial review in Iran
Judiciary not independent of executive
Supreme leader, Guardian Council and judges are constantly judging prospective laws and actions against Shariah
Ultimately, constitutionality depends on sometimes politically-motivated decisions made by religious authorities
Describe the Clerics of Qom
Not formally in government
Strong moral/intellectual influence over direction of authorities
Qom: desert city full of religious schools and institutes
Origin of Khomeini and Islamic revolution and centre Shia faith
Describe Iran’s military
8th largest in the world
Relatively well equipped
Tradition of compulsory 2-year military service by most young men
Not particularly political
Describe the Revolutionary Guards
Parallel force to military
Created by Supreme Leader to act as loyal body guards
120,000 well-equipped and trained members
Increasingly political force
When were the first elections held?
1906 following revolution
Describe Iran’s presidential elections
Two-round runoff ballot
Every four years
Limited to two consecutive terms
Must be approved by Guardian Council
Competitive but not free
Guardian council reject reformist candidates and women
What was the development of elections in 1997
“The thaw begins”
Relatively unknown, moderate cleric Khatami wins presidency with over 70%
Describe Khatami’s policies when he was elected as president in 1997
Advocates liberalization, achieved loosening of press censorship, fewer crackdowns on dissidents and restrictions on public behaviour
Helped to rebuild Iran’s image on world stage
Many liberals very disappointed with lack of progress; reforms systematically blocked by conservative Guardian Council
Not a radical - never suggested abandoning theocratic structures
Easily won re-election and stepped down at end of term limit in 2004
Describe the presidential election of 2005
Guardian Council disqualified 1000 liberal candidates, leaving only 7
Reformists unable to rally behind one candidate while conservatives settle on Ahmadinejad
Ahmadinejad wins
Some limited allegations of fraud
Describe Ahmadinejad’s political beliefs
Deeply conservative in religious sense and socialist economically
Hard-line conservatives approved of his efforts to roll back Khatami’s liberalization