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Conjugated bonds
Special feature about methylene interruptors
16 C
most common chain length
18 C
most commonly consumed fatty acid chain length
ALA, EPA, DHA
Omega-3 fatty acids
Linoleic acid and ARA
omega-6 fatty acids
prevent water loss from skin, cell signaling, blood clotting
ARA function
blood thinner, anti-inflammatory
EPA function
Cell signaling, important component of phospholipids in brain and retina
DHA function
Less soluble
How does a longer chain length effect a fatty acids solubility?
glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
structure of a triacylglycerol
triacylglycerol (TAG)
another name for triglyceride (TG)
White
Which adipocyte is uniloculular, has less surface area, and used for energy storage?
Brown
Which adipocyte is multilocular and used for energy thermogenesis?
Sn-2
position where essential fatty acids are found on a glycerophospholipid
Lecithin
another name for phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylcholine
most common phospholipid in the body, concentrated in lung surfactant
Phosphatidylethanolamine
accommodates membrane proteins, important for vesicles and mitochondrial membranes
Phosphatidylserine
marker for apoptosis, clotting, stimulates protein kinase C
Phosphatidylglycerol
precursor to cardiolipin, 2nd most abundant phospholipid in lung surfactant
Phosphatidylinositol
membrane anchoring and cell signaling
Inner leaflet
Where is phosphatidylserine usually found?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Where is cardiolipin found?
Plasmalogen
ethanolamine polar head group, concentrated in nerve and muscle tissue, 50% of brain phospholipids
Platelet activating factor (PAF)
choline head group, released from WBC during inflammation, allergy, and injury; stimulates platelet aggregation (clotting), activates protein kinase C
Ether
What kind of glycerophospholipids are plasmalogen and PAF?
Sphingomyelin
product of ceramide, phosphate, and choline
Glycolipids
what class are cerebrosides, globosides, and gangliosides in?
In plasma membrane of all animal cells and in myelin sheaths of nerves
Where are sphingophospholipids found?
Ganglioside
ceramide with 3+ branched sugars and NANA
Globoside
ceramide with 2-4 sugars
cerebroside
Ceramide with 1 sugar
Lysosome
location of phospholipid degradation
Niemann-Pick
sphingomyelin accumulation, causes mental retardation
Farber
accumulation of ceramides, causes joint deformity
Gaucher
accumulation of glucocerebrosides, causes CNS impairment
Krabbe
accumulation of galactocerebroside, causes CNS impairment
Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff’s
accumulation of gangliosides, causes blindness and muscle weakness
animal tissue
Where is cholesterol found?
liver, SI, and specialized tissue
where is cholesterol synthesized
secrete VLDL, secrete in bile, convert to bile acids/salts
Major ways to remove cholesterol from liver
steroid hormones, bile, vitamin D
What is cholesterol a precursor for?
Progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol, and testosterone
Examples of steroid hormones derived from cholesterol
Testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone
Examples of sex hormones
Glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
Examples of corticosteroids
bile salt
conjugated bile acid
glycocholate and taurocholate
2 common conjugated bile acids (bile salts)
Ileum
Where is bile reabsorbed?
Carbon-3
Where is the hydroxyl on cholesterol?
Triglycerides
major storage form of lipids
cholesterol esters and sphingomyelins
lipids not charged at physiological pH
High affinity for binding receptor
Why are steroid hormones so effective at low doses?
Prevent release of ARA
Why are steroid drugs anti-inflammatory?
Phosphatidylinositol, ceramides, and eicosanoids
intracellular lipid signals
A2
phospholipase inactivated by steroids
20
carbons in eicosanoids
Resolvins and Lipoxins
Eicosanoids used in the resolution stage
general biomarker for inflammation
2 series prostaglandin function
inflammation, allergy, asthma
function of 4 series leukotrienes
clotters
function of 2 series thromboxanes
NO FUNCTION
function of 3 series TX/TG
anti-inflammation
function of 5-series leukotrienes
ARA
preferential substrate for COX
EPA
preferential substrate for LOX
Platelets
Where are most thromboxanes produced?
Aspirin and ibuprofen
What meds inhibit COX 1 and 2?
Leukotrienes
Inflammatory lipids
Histamine and cytokines
Inflammatory proteins
EPA and DHA
most important for production of lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins
lipoxins, resolvins, protectins
Anti-inflammatory lipids
IL-10
Anti-inflammatory protein
Retinal, retinol, retinoic acid, beta-carotene
sources of vitamin A
eye health, regulate gene expression of epithelial cells, antioxidant
Function of Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Which vitamin is a cholesterol derivative?
cholecalciferol and calcitriol
Vitamin D
bone health, calcium and phosphorus regulation
function of vitamin D
alpha-tocopherol
Vitamin E
antioxidant
function of vitamin E
methylquinone and phylloquinone
Vitamin K
Clotting
Function of Vitamin K
Gallbladder
where is bile secreted from
emulsify
function of bile
Chief cells
What releases gastric lipase?
Enzymes
What do acinar cells secrete?
Bicarbonate
What do ductal cells secrete?
Trypsin
What activates prophospholopase A2 and procolipase?
Colipase
What activates pancreatic lipase?
Enteropeptidase
What activates trypsin?
Pancreatic lipase
What can bile inhibit?
Pancreatic lipase
AKA cholesterol esterase, bile salt-dependent lipase, and carboxyl ester lipase
Pancreatic lipase
What can remove FA on cholesterol, vit A/E and digest any position on a TG?
Fatty acids, monoglycerides, fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol, and bile salts
What can micelles contain?
Bile acids
What do lipids coalesce with inside micelles?
DG and FA
products of lingual and gastric lipase digestion
MG and FA
product of pancreatic lipase digestion
Lysophospholipid and FA
product of phospholipase A2
Passive diffusion
How are micelles absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum?
sER
Where are lipids re-esterified into TAGs?
Short and medium chain FA
What FA can pass directly into portal blood and taken to the liver?
Lipoproteins
What has a phospholipid exterior, lipid core, and apoproteins inside?
activate LCAT
function of apoA-1
