MLLT 106 – 
Introduction to Clinical Chemistry: Lesson 2 Review NOTES

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61 Terms

1
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What determines the type of urine specimen required for a urine test?

The nature of the test that is ordered.

2
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What is the preferred specimen for routine urinalysis?

First morning urine specimen.

3
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What must patients be given regarding urine specimen collection?

Specific instructions on how to collect the urine specimen.

4
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What type of urine specimen is most commonly obtained?

Random urine specimen.

5
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What is the importance of midstream urine collection?

It prevents contamination from epithelial cells and microorganisms.

6
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What is required when urine is to be cultured for microorganisms?

A clean-catch urine specimen.

7
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How long can urine specimens be refrigerated to prevent deterioration?

6 to 8 hours.

8
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What can be added to urine specimens as a preservative?

Chemical preservatives such as hydrochloric acid, boric acid, and acetic acid.

9
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What are common analytes measured in 24-hour urine specimens?

Protein, Creatinine, Urobilinogen, Calcium, Hormones, Amino acids.

10
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What happens to urine specimens if left at room temperature for too long?

They begin to decompose, causing changes in pH and odor.

11
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What does the volume of urine produced in 24 hours vary with?

Fluid intake, diet, time of day, hormones, and renal function.

12
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What urinary condition is characterized by excessive urination during the night?

Nocturia.

13
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What is polyuria?

Excessive production of urine, over 2000 mL in 24 hours.

14
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What is the primary reason for needing a clean-catch midstream specimen for a culture?

To avoid contamination before culturing.

15
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What is the protocol for urine drug screening?

identification, signed consent, collection monitoring, and immediate temperature recording.

16
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What factors can influence urine volume?

Fluid intake, diet, time of day, and hormonal levels.

17
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What type of urine specimen require specific preservative containers?

24-hour urine specimen

18
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What is required when collecting a 24-hour urine specimen?

All urine must be collected within a 24-hour timeframe, starting with an empty bladder.

19
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What are potential causes for urine specimen rejection in a laboratory?

Unlabeled samples, leaky containers, contaminated samples, and delayed transport.

20
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What must accompany preservatives when urine specimens are processed?

Material safety data sheets explaining potential hazards.

21
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How should urine specimens be disposed of?

In ordinary sewage systems, followed by flushing with water and disinfectants.

22
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What is a significant difference between first morning and random urine specimens?

First morning specimens are usually more concentrated than random specimens.

23
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What should be noted on the container when labeling urine specimens?

Patient’s name, identification number, date and time of collection.

24
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What is the specimen log-in process in a laboratory?

Record the time the specimen is received, check requisition form, and ensure specimen volume is sufficient.

25
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Why is proper labeling crucial for urine specimens?

It helps avoid testing delays and potential misidentification affecting patient care.

26
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What is the correct order of tests when both a culture and a routine analysis are required?

The culture should be performed first, followed by routine tests.

27
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What should be done if a urine specimen is contaminated?

Request a new sample from the patient.

28
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What is the recommended volume of urine needed for routine analysis?

A minimum of 12 mL, but 50 mL is preferable.

29
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What should be done with a low 24-hour urine volume specimen?

Measure creatinine levels and correlate it with urine volume.

30
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How does refrigerated urine protect certain urine components?

Refrigeration slows bacterial growth and preserves labile components such as ketones and bilirubin.

31
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What does the term 'diuresis' refer to?

Any increase in urine volume, even if temporary.

32
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How should clean-catch specimens be collected?

Using a sterile container after cleansing the urethral opening.

33
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What information should be included in a urine sample's requisition form?

Specimen collection meets test criteria and sufficient specimen volume.

34
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What should be kept in mind when transporting urine specimens?

Follow transport requirements and limitations to preserve sample integrity.

35
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What is the procedure for a midstream catch method?

Start voiding into the toilet, interrupt the flow, and collect midstream.

36
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What does the term 'anuria' mean?

Absence of urine production.

37
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What is a common preservative for urine used in culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing?

Buffered boric acid.

38
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Why must urine specimens for cytology studies be examined soon after collection?

To ensure accurate results by detecting abnormal cells.

39
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What is formaldehyde used for in urine collection?

Used as a preservative that fixes formed elements in urinary sediment.

40
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What does the chain-of-custody refer to in urine drug screenings?

Documentation of specimen handling to ensure integrity.

41
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What happens to urine pH when it decomposes?

It becomes more alkaline due to urea-splitting bacteria.

42
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What is required before collecting a 24-hour urine sample?

Adding appropriate chemical preservative to the container.

43
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What effect does ammonia have on urine samples left at room temperature?

It produces an ammonia-like odor and raises urine pH.

44
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What materials are included in a urine culture and sensitivity test kit?

Sterile cup, preservative, urine tube, and cleansing towelettes.

45
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What type of preservative does boric acid come in?

Tablet, powder, or lyophilized form.

46
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What is the purpose of a labeling error or mislabeling in urine tests?

It can lead to specimen rejection or wrong test results.

47
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How long must urine samples be examined after collection?

Within 2 hours, except for 24-hour tests.

48
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What is the minimum volume typically required for a urine test?

Usually 15 mL.

49
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What preparations can be made for urine specimens that must be transported some distance?

Use sterile vacuum tubes and appropriate preservative.

50
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What influences the total urine volume measured in a timed urine specimen?

All subsequent urine voidings after emptying the bladder at the start time.

51
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How can the risk of introducing infection during catheterization be reduced?

Use aseptic techniques and sterile equipment.

52
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What is the significance of documentation during urine drug screening?

To guarantee the reliability and identity of the person submitting the specimen.

53
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What role does a laboratory's SOP manual play in urine testing?

It provides written protocols and guidelines to ensure proper specimen handling.

54
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What should a patient do before a clean-catch urine collection?

Cleanse the urethral opening to minimize contamination.

55
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What type of patients might require pediatric urine specimen collection bags?

Infants or small children who cannot urinate on demand.

56
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What should be done with urine specimens collected for culture if contamination is suspected?

Re-collect the specimen following proper procedures.

57
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Why is the classification of urine specimens into categories like 24-hour or random important?

Different tests may require specific types of urine samples for accurate results.

58
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What protocol should be followed for urine drug tests regarding donor privacy?

Monitor the collection process and inspect the collection area before and after use.

59
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What procedures should be avoided when introducing specimens into the testing process?

Avoiding contamination and ensuring correct specimen type through aseptic techniques.

60
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In terms of temperature, how should urine specimens be handled before testing?

Refrigerated to prevent decomposition and preserve components.

61
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What action is taken if a urine sample is rejected due to timing issues?

Request a new sample as soon as possible.