Global citizenship igcse

a political system that promotes public ownership and communal control

communist

an agreement covering particular matters, usually between states or governments

convention

illegal, bad or dishonest behaviour, usually by people in positions of power

corruption

a body of 47 member states that aims to protect human rights and democracy in Europe

Council of Europe

moving power from national governments to regions so that they have more control

decentralisation

a person who supports something in public

advocate

artificial something that has been created by a human

artificial

a state where one person has absolute power. They demand that people obey completely without asking for anyone else's opinion

autocratic regime

using mechanical and electronic systems to copy human and animal actions

bionics

to limit (or prevent) access to information and expression of thought

censorship

a process to reduce waste and develop ways of using the same resources many times

circular economy

straightforward questions that can usually be answered with 'yes' or 'no'

closed questions

the process whereby a governing power takes control over another nation

colonialism

illnesses that come from an infection and can be spread from person to person

communicable (or infectious) diseases

a set of rules that guides how a country works. It may set out the branches of the government, what powers they have, and how they work. It may also state the rights of citizens

constitution

a monarch who has power but within the limits of the constitution of the country

constitutional monarch

the rapid spread and exchange of ideas, attitudes, meaning, values and cultural products between different people in different places

cultural globalisation

the shared characteristics of a group of people belonging to a particular culture, e.g. language, religion, social behaviours, etc.

cultural identity

a document setting down aims and obiectives

declaration

when power in a country lies with the people, who can vote to elect their leaders

democracy

a monarch with unlimited power over the country because there are no constitutional or legal checks

Absolute Monarchy

an extended family that dates back generations

ancestral

a separate part in a written document, such as a legal agreement

article

asylum seeker a person who seeks safety and protection away from their home country; they seek refugee status

asylum seeker

a system or occasion of secret voting

ballot

a preference for a person or one point of view over another; allowing personal opinions to influence a judgement

bias

a suggestion for a new law. Bills are discussed before being voted on and either passed into law or rejected

bill

when large numbers of educated and highly skilled people leave their own country to live and work in another where pay and conditions are better

brain drain

the member of a family who earns most of the money for the family

breadwinner

an attempt to persuade someone to do something for you by giving them money, gifts or something else they want

bribery

rate how likely it is that a child will die between birth and the age of 5 (per 1,000 live births)

child mortality

a person who has the right to be a member of a particular country

citizen

a form of representative democracy whereby the power lies with the people and elected officials

democratic republic

high-income countries that tend to have high GDPs and highly developed economies

developed countries

low-income countries that tend to have low GDPs and poorly developed economies

developing countries

all the people in a country who are allowed to vote

electorate

having the right to do something or to be able to do something, e.g. participation

eligible

a group in society who have the most power, control and money

elite

the immediate help given in response to human-made crises and natural disasters. It is intended to save lives, prevent suffering and maintain decent standards of living

emergency (or humanitarian) aid

a country that has begun to experience higher rates of economic growth, often due to rapid industrialisation

emerging economy

a commonly found disease among particular people or within a certain place

endemic

the court of the Council of Europe. It deals with people of countries that do not respect the European Convention on Human Rights

European Court of Human Rights

a court that judges people and organisations who may have broken European law

European Court of Justice (ECJ)

an agreement that allows EU member states and some non-member states access to the single market

European Economic Area (EEA)

a regional trade organisation that allows free trade between Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland

European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

entities who sell products to other countries

exporters

a way of buying and selling products that aims to pay the producer a fair price

fair trade

relating to feminism - the belief that women should be allowed the same rights, power and opportunities as men

feminist

the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime

fertility rate

the crime of getting money by deceiving people

fraud

help that is designed to encourage economic development and human welfare by funding longer-term projects

development (or long-term) aid

a large number of people from the same country who have since moved out to places all over the world

diaspora

a ruler with complete power over a country who is often not elected and has usually taken control by force

dictator

all citizens vote directly on every decision about the running of the country

direct democracy

when a person is treated unfairly based on their background

discrimination

a difference, often an unfair one, e.g. the lack of equality

disparity

people who have been driven from their homes by war or persecution

displaced people

when a person's parents are from different ethnic or religious backgrounds

dual heritage

the buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet

e-commerce

a process where a nation improves the economic, political and social well-being i.e. the general health and happiness) of its people

economic development

when an economy has increased its ability to produce more

economic growth

people who travel from one country or area to another in order to improve their standard of
living

economic migrants

that minimises the impact on the environment and respects local cultures

ecotourism tourism

to have chosen a person for a particular job by voting

elected

the process in which citizens vote to choose a person to represent them in managing the country

election

part of the United Nations Development Programme and a measure of development in a country. It uses income, education and life expectancy to calculate a country's position in the index

Human Development Index (HDI)

things that people are morally or legally entitled to have

human rights

the characteristics of a person or thing that distinguishes them from others

identity

people who travel to a different country to live there permanently

immigrants

imports products that are bought in from another country

imports

the amount of money earned per person in a nation

income per capita

communities who originate from, or are attached to, an area where modern countries have since been established

indigenous people

the idea that the freedom of thought and action of a person (individual) is the most important thing in society, rather than shared effort or responsibility

individualism

a period of development in the 19th century in the USA and Europe where rural societies became more urban and more work started to be done by machines in factories than by hand at home

Industrial Revolution

the number of deaths of children under the age of one year

infant mortality

the basic systems and services that a country uses in order to work effectively (e.g. transport, power supplies)

infrastructure

the amount charged for borrowing money

interest

the main legal court of the UN. It settles disagreements between countries and is sometimes called the World Court

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

a permanent, international court that judges criminals who might have committed crimes against the international community

International Criminal Court (ICC)

a body of rules, treaties or conventions recognised and followed by countries who agree to their terms

international law

the power or right to act, speak or think as you want

freedom

a system of trade where buyers and sellers are not limited by taxes on imports and exports

free trade

a measure that shows how equal things are between men and women, for example, by comparing average income

gender parity

a series of agreements that set out how people, such as enemy soldiers, doctors and civilians should be treated in time of war

Geneva Convention

countries becoming more connected with each other because of the influence of products, technology, information and jobs across national borders and cultures

globalisation

the group of people who officially control a country

government

the process whereby gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat and warm the Earth

greenhouse effect

a group of gases that cause heat to be kept in the atmosphere (e.g. carbon dioxide)

greenhouse gases

the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year

gross domestic product (GDP)

the total value of goods and services made by a country in one vear (including profits made in foreign countries)

gross national income (GNI)

a head covering worn by some Muslim women

hijab

a group of people who have a common language, culture and heritage

nation

a person's identity related to their state or nation

national identity

a country where the population has language, culture and heritage in common

nation state

groups set up to work independently of any government. Their purpose is to address a social or political issue

non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

questions that require more thoughtful answers, with more detail

open questions

a group of elected people who make laws for their country

parliament

a never-ending system so that something can last for a long time

perpetual loop

when emails or messages are sent that trick people into giving their personal information

phishing

people who come together with the aim of influencing others, or the government, about a particular issue

pressure groups