AP Psych Midterm Review

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from the midterm review study guide

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54 Terms

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iconic memory

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, photographic or picture-image lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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forgetting curve

initially rapid then levels off with time

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naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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gestalt

tendency to integrate information into meaningful whole (ex. figure-ground, grouping)

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sensation

process by which sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

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retrograde amnesia

an inability to remember information from one’s past

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heuristics

simple thinking strategy, often allows us to make judgements and solve problems more efficiently, faster but more error-prone

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representative heuristic

judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes, may lead us to ignore other relevant information

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availability heuristic

judging likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if it comes to mind easily, we think events are common

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nature vs nurture

do genes or the environment play a bigger role in development

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primacy effect

remembering first items in a list after a delay in time

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recency effect

tendency to recall the last items in a list best initially (right after the list is given)

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serial positioning effect

tendency to recall best the last items in a list initially and the first items in a list after a delay

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EEG (electroencephalogram)

amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface, used by placing electrodes on the scalp

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kinesthetic

movement sense, system for sensing the position and movement of our individual body parts

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vestibular

balance sense, sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance

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convergent thinking

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

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divergent thinking

expanding the number of possible solutions, creative thinking that diverges in different directions

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proactive interference

disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information (previous info interferes with new info)

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retroactive interference

disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

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encoding

process of getting information into the memory system

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functional fixedness

occurs when prior experiences inhibit our ability to think in novel ways (to find creative solutions)

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brocha’s area

language production and articulation

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wernicke’s area

language comprehension

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amygdala

controls fear and anger emotions

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occipital lobe

receives and processes visual information

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recall

retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time (ex. fill-in-the-blank)

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recognition

identifying previously learned material (ex. multiple choice)

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transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another (in sensation, the transforming of physical energy into neural impulses the brain can interpret)

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how senses impact each other

senes can interact and change perception, ex: smell effecting taste

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sunk-cost fallacy

sticking to our original plan because time was invested even when switching to a new approach could save us time

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chunking

organizing information into familiar, manageable unites, often automatic

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semantic memory

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

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episodic memory

explicit memory of personally experienced events

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central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord

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algorithm

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

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medulla

the brainstem’s base, control heartbeat and breathing

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APA animal guidelines

researchers must provide “human care and healthful conditions,” testing should “minimize discomfort”

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APA human guidelines

obtain participant’s informed consent, protect participants from greater than usual harm/discomfort, keep information about individuals confidential, fully debrief participants afterwards

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cerebellum

processes sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, enables nonverbal learning and memory

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sleep apnea

stopping breathing repeatedly during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

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hippocampus

neural center located in limbic system, helps process explicit memories of facts and events for storage

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acetylcholine (ACh)

neurotransmitter, enables muscle action, learning, and memory (in Alzheimer’s, these deteriorate)

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effortful processing

encoding that requires action and conscious effort

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divided attention

switching selective attention between different tasks

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prototype

mental image or best example of a category

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effects of alcohol

slow brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions (disinhibited), increases both helpful and harmful tendencies, slowed neural processing, memory disruption, reduced self-awareness

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experiment

research method in which a researcher investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on behavior or mental process

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priming

activation of particular associations in memory, often unconscious

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parasympathetic nervous system

conserves energy as it calms the body

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neuroplasticity

brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, reorganizes after faming or builds new pathways based on experience

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independent variable

factor that is manipulated

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dependent variable

measure outcome, effect observed