Lang everything notes

Speech (primary purpose)

To engage the audience with a central idea or proposition, primarily to inform or persuade.

Advertisement

To persuade by promoting the ideas, goods, or services of the person or organization sponsoring the ad.

Review (primary purpose)

Persuasive in nature, the primary purpose is to inform about a personal experience with a product or service.

Narrative (primary purpose)

To entertain.

Leaflet/Brochure (primary purpose

To promote (persuade) or inform an audience about the given topic.

Email (purpose)

can serve multiple purposes.

Letter (purpose)

can serve multiple purposes.

Speech Elements

Hook/Grabber, Main message, Rhetoric, Call to Action.

Advertisement Elements

Headline, Sub-Headline, Body copy + call to action, Tag line/slogan.

Review Elements

Title, Establish credibility, Description of personal experience, Rating and recommendation.

Narrative Elements

Plot structure (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution), Characters, Theme, Foreshadowing, Flashback.

Leaflet/Brochure Elements

Attention-grabbing cover & title, Compelling content, Powerful call to action.

Email Elements

Email of sender, Email of recipient, Subject line, Salutation/Greeting, Email body/main message, Closing, Signature, Attachments (if any).

Letter Elements

Date, Salutation/Greeting, Letter body/main message, Closing.

Audience in Speech

generally geared toward a specific target audience, with demographics varying depending on the topic.

Point of View in Speech

generally written in 1st or 2nd person POV and sometimes mix the two.

Audience in Advertisement

Potential customers or any group of people the ____ seek to persuade.

Point of View in Advertisement

usually use 2nd person POV or 1st person POV or sometimes both.

Audience in Review

People deciding whether to purchase the goods or services being reviewed.

Point of View in Review

are usually written in 1st person POV but sometimes incorporate 2nd person POV.

Audience in Narrative

Any reader interested in the genre or topic

Point of View in Narrative

Can be written in any POV (1st, 2nd, 3rd etc.).

Audience in Leaflet/Brochure

Potential customers or people for whom the information would be relevant.

Point of View in Leaflet/Brochure

Can be written in any POV (1st, 2nd, 3rd etc.).

Blog Elements

Post date/Timestamp, Header with navigation bar, Title, Main content, Sidebar, Footer, Comment section

Blog Purpose

To attract readers and achieve some sort of goal like community-building or growing a business and increasing product/service awareness (so primarily either to inform or persuade).

Blog Audience

Anyone interested in the unique content found on any given _.

Blog Point of View

Any point of view can work. It just depends on the desired outcome.

Diary/Journal Elements

Entry date/timestamp as a header, Chatty, informal writing, Reflective, Typically use chronological or cause/effect structure

Diary/Journal Purpose

To reflect on the personal thoughts and feelings of the person writing it.

Diary/Journal Audience

Only the writers themselves, since entries are meant to be private.

Diary/Journal Point of View

1st Person POV.

Article Elements

Title/Headline, Lead, Body, Conclusion

Article Purpose

Might inform, persuade, or entertain. Some might propagate news, provide research or academic analysis results, or share information geared toward a specific audience.

Article Audience

The audience will vary according to the nature/purpose of it.

Article Point of View

Most commonly in 3rd person POV but can technically be in any.

Editorial Elements

Focused central theme, Competing alternate views refuted, Fact based arguments and evaluations, Calls reader to action

Editorial Purpose

To express the opinion of the author of any given topic.

Editorial Audience

A general audience, usually the same as the newspaper it is published for.

Editorial Point of View

Most commonly 1st person POV.

Investigative Journalism Elements

In-depth research, Exposes the story behind the story, Interviews and fact checking

Investigative Journalism Purpose

To deeply investigate and reveal hidden truths that may uncover corruption or draw attention to social, economic, political or cultural trends.

Investigative Journalism Audience

The general public.

Investigative Journalism Point of View

Most commonly 3rd person POV.

Biography Elements

Name, date, & place of birth, Personal life, Education & occupation, Important life events, Areas of achievement, Impact on the world

Biography Purpose

To provide an account of the subject's life from the earliest days of childhood, right up to the present day or their death, if the subject is deceased (so primarily inform).

Biography Audience

The general public.

Biography Point of View

Most commonly 3rd person POV.

Travel Writing (Travelogue) Elements

Lead-hook/grabber, Where the place, When the season, Who- the writer/traveler, Why - reason for the trip, How-process of travel, What - details of travel, End - wrap up travel story & link to lead

Travel Writing Purpose

To share information about the experiences of traveling and the places visited (so primarily inform).

Travel Writing Audience

People who are curious about the places visited.

Travel Writing Point of View

Most commonly 1st person POV.

Essay Elements

Intro with thesis, Body paragraphs, Conclusion

Essay Purpose

To facilitate the communication of ideas in written form. An essay can inform/explain, persuade, or entertain.

Essay Audience

Anyone curious about the essay's topic.

Essay Point of View

Most commonly 3rd person POV but can sometimes also be in 1st person POV.

Podcast Elements

Intro, Main body, Outro with call to action, Casual, informal style, Focus on a central idea

Podcast Purpose

To entertain primarily but also to communicate with the audience and provide information.

Podcast Audience

Anyone curious about listening to the given topic.

Podcast Point of View

Most commonly 1st person POV.

Descriptive Writing Elements

Beginning, Middle, End, Vivid, sensory details, Figurative language

Descriptive Writing Purpose

To describe a person, place or thing in such a way that a picture/image is formed in the reader's mind (so primarily inform).

Descriptive Writing Audience

Anyone interested in the subject of description.

Descriptive Writing Point of View

Most commonly 3rd person POV.

Alliteration

Could also be a language tool.

Asyndeton & Polysyndeton

Literary tools that involve the omission or inclusion of conjunctions in a series.

Anaphora & Epiphora

Repetition of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses.

Chiasmus

A rhetorical device in which words or concepts are repeated in reverse order.

Hypophora

A figure of speech in which the speaker poses a question and then answers it.

Juxtaposition

Placing two elements close together to highlight their differences.

Punctuation

The use of symbols to clarify meaning and separate structural units.

Repetition

The action of repeating something that has already been said or written.

Sentence length

The number of words in a sentence, which can affect pacing and tone.

Sentence type

The classification of sentences based on their structure (declarative, interrogative, etc.).

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences.

Triadic Structure (Rule of 3)

A writing principle that suggests that ideas presented in threes are more effective.

Author's Purpose

The reason WHY an author wrote something, which can be a slice of P.I.E.

Audience

The person or group of people in the text or communication is the intended for

Point of view (POV)

The narrative perspective from which a story is told.

Register

Could also be a language tool.

Bias

Could also be a language tool.

Genre Elements

Text features and unique elements of fiction and nonfiction texts.

Overall text organization

The structure of a text, which can include compare/contrast, cause/effect, etc.

Allusion

An indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.

Connotation

The implied or associated meaning of a word, beyond its literal definition.

Denotation

The literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.

Diction

The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.

Hyperbole

Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

Imagery

Visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work.

Irony

A literary device in which the intended meaning is different from the actual meaning.

Metaphor/Extended

A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without using 'like' or 'as.'

Mood

The atmosphere or emotional condition created by a piece of literary work.

Personification

The attribution of human characteristics to non-human entities.

Rhetoric

The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing.

Simile

A figure of speech comparing two unlike things using 'like' or 'as.'

Symbolism

The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.

Tone

The general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.

1st person POV

Creates a sense of intimacy and connection between the writer and reader.

2nd person POV

Can create a sense of casual conversation as if the writer is talking directly to the reader.

3rd person POV

Can increase formality and objectivity.