PSB3002: Exam #2

As Julian looks around the room, his visual receptors detect edges, colors, and contrasts. This example BEST illustrates the process called:

sensation

Sanjay recognizes his friend among the sea of faces in a crowded train station. This example BEST illustrates the process called:

perception

The area of the eye that contains the sensory receptors is called the:

retina

Because it is a nocturnal creature, an owl MOST likely has:

more rods than cones

The visual pathway proceeds from:

the retina, to the LGN, to the striate cortex

The two inner layers of the LGN are ____________, whereas the four outer layers are _____________. 

magnocellular; parvocellular

The “special function” of striate cortex neurons inside the CO blobs is BEST described as: 

color sensitivity

Cytochrome oxidase blobs are predominantly found in layers ________ of the striate cortex.

2 and 3

In the striate cortex, neurons in CO blobs project to _____________ stripes and send information about ________________.

thin; color

In the extrastriate cortex, the ____________ stream is responsible for identifying an object.

ventral

In an ON cell with a receptive field that contains a center and surround, light would cause excitation if light were shone:

in the center

There are three different cones that process different wavelengths of light. These wavelengths correspond to the colors: 

blue, red, green

Emma has tritanopia. When she looks around at the world, she sees shades of red and green. Her defect is caused by a lack of ____________ cones.

blue

A neuropsychologist examines a patient with damage to her extrastriate visual cortex. The patient shows some deficits in color perception. Based on this information, the patient MOST likely suffered damage to area V4 or to area:

V8

The __________ system receives information from the red and green cones, whereas the __________ system receives information from the blue cones. 

parvocellular; koniocellular

The most important visual information is contained in _____________ spatial frequencies

low

Visual agnosia, the inability to visually recognize objects, is caused by damage to the _____________ stream of the extrastriate cortex.

ventral

Arlando experiences a stroke, and afterwards he is unable to visually recognize his loved ones, although he can recognize them when they speak. It is likely he has ________ caused by damage to his ____________.

prosopagnosia; fusiform face area

The __________________ in the brain is specifically activated by photographs, silhouettes, or stick drawings of human bodies or body parts.

extrastriate body area

The _________________ in the brain is activated by the sight of scenes and backgrounds.

parahippocampal place area

When Jim looks at his raised finger, he can make it “jump” from one location to another by looking at it with only his left eye and then with only his right eye. Jim’s illusory perception that his finger is in two different places successively BEST reflects:

retinal disparity

Disparity-sensitive neurons in the ____________ stream respond to large, extended visual surfaces.

dorsal

Disparity-sensitive neurons in the ____________ stream respond to contours of three-dimensional objects

ventral

Perception of depth from stereopsis is controlled by the:

CIP

Saccadic eye movements are controlled by the:

LIP and VIP

Neurons in the ______________ are sensitive to orientation of lines.

striate cortex

Neurons in the striate cortex are described as being sensitive to orientation. This means that they respond to:

lines at one particular orientation; vertical, horizontal, or somewhere in between

Area _____ of the extrastriate cortex responds to movement

V5

In a research experiment conducted by Johansson, actors dressed in all black and wore lights at key points on their bodies and then walked or moved. Participants could only see the illumination of the lights, not the actors themselves. Participants were able to determine the sex of the actors solely by the movements of their:

shoulders and hips

As we move around the world, our eyes are constantly moving. Our brains, however, compensate for this movement. If the junction between the _______________ lobes in the extrastriate cortex is damaged, individuals lose this compensation.

temporal and parietal

Detecting splotches of color BEST illustrates __________ ,whereas recognizing an object in a painting as a depiction of a tree BEST exemplifies ____________.

sensation; perception

In which order does light pass through the structures of the eye, from first to last?

pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina

When you shift your gaze abruptly from one point to another, this motion is called _____ movement.

saccadic

Neurons in the interblob areas project to ____________ stripes and send information about ___________.

thick and pale; orientation and spatial frequency

Matt is a baseball player. In order for him to catch a fly ball, his __________ stream must analyze information related to where the ball is located in space.

dorsal

In an OFF cell with a receptive field that contains a center and surround, light would cause excitation if it were shone:

in the surround

If a blue-yellow ganglion cell is exposed to the color blue, it will fire in response to blue. If it is exposed to yellow:

it will become inhibited and, upon release of exposure to yellow, cause an after-image of blue

When __________________ spatial frequency information is removed from a visual scene, the images look fuzzy and out of focus.

high

The ventral stream of the extrastriate cortex is responsible for:

face and body recognition as well as recognition of a variety of other objects and shapes

______________ vision allows us to see relative size and relative motion.

monocular

The dorsal stream ends in the _______________ cortex.

parietal

Visual control of grasping is controlled by the: 

AIP

MST neurons are LEAST likely to respond to _____ motion.

linear

The brain area responsible for the perception of optic flow is:

MSTd

When Annie looks around the world, she only sees still images. She is unable to perceive her grandchildren running around or even her cat’s breathing patterns. It is likely that Annie is suffering from: 

akinetopsia

During sleep, a(n) ______________ is used to measure brain activity.

electroencephalogram

During periods of wakefulness, brain waves oscillate between _____________ and _____________ waves.

alpha; beta

As Jenelle is falling asleep, she has a sensation of walking along a path. Suddenly, her right leg steps into a hole and her foot jerks in bed, seemingly simulating the experienced fall in her sleeping state. These muscle contractions are called:

hypnic jerks

As Darius is sleeping, his dog begins to bark. As a result, his brain emits several sudden sharp waveforms known as:

K complexes

Which statement is true regarding REM sleep?

The person experiences dreams

Which of these animals demonstrates REM sleep?

squirrels

Sleep deprivation studies suggest that sleep is important for the:

performance of mental tasks

If you stay awake for 3 days and then fall asleep, you will likely not sleep for the 24 hours of sleep that you missed. Instead, you might sleep 12 hours on the first night. Of the different stages of sleep, you are MOST likely to make up hours from stage:

3

An inherited neurological disorder called fatal familial insomnia results in damage to portions of the:

thalamus

All else being equal, which individual spends the MOST time in REM?

Kami, an infant

When a dolphin was sleep deprived in the left hemisphere, ________________________ when the animal was allowed to sleep.

the left hemisphere experienced an increase in slow-wave sleep

Falling levels of glycogen trigger an increase in ____________, which helps to promote sleep.

adenosine

Caffeine binds to adenosine receptors and blocks them. The end result is feeling awake because adenosine is unable to activate its receptors to promote sleepiness. Caffeine is:

a direct antagonist

In times of increased brain activity ________ from _________ is converted into fuel for neurons.

glycogen; astrocytes

If acetylcholine activity is high, then:

brain waves are likely desynchronized

The difference between primary and secondary insomnia is:

the cause of the difficulty falling asleep

John has periods during the night where he stops breathing, causing carbon dioxide levels in his blood to rise. Once the levels get too high, he wakes up, gasping for breath. John suffers from:

sleep apnea

____________, a symptom of narcolepsy, occurs when a fully conscious person appears to be paralyzed.

cataplexy

REM sleep behavior disorder is the opposite of narcolepsy in that:

instead of muscle paralysis during waking hours, those with REM sleep behavior disorder lack muscle paralysis during sleep

Which sleep disorder or disturbance is seen more often in adults than children?

insomnia

A hamster, when put in endless darkness, will display activity reflecting a 23-hour day. This hamster is displaying is a(n) _____ rhythm

endogenous

Hamster A has a 24-hour rhythm. Hamster A has its SCN removed and replaced with the SCN of Hamster B, which has an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours. What is the resultant rhythm of Hamster A?

20 hours

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the:

hypothalamus

Animals that are seasonal breeders will experience anti-gonadal function during ____________ due to ____________ melatonin levels.

winter; increased

Darnelle is totally blind and suffers from non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder. Her circadian rhythm is longer than 24 hours, resulting in recurrent periods of daytime sleepiness and nighttime insomnia. To synchronize her circadian rhythm, her doctor prescribes a low evening dose of the hormone:

melatonin

Deep sleep is characterized by ___________ waves.

delta

John is sleeping when his mother calls his name. He does not respond. She calls his name louder, telling him it is time to get up and get ready for school. Even when she gets close to the bed, says his name, and puts her hand on his shoulder, he does not arouse. It is likely that he is in the ____________ stage of sleep.

3rd

As the night progresses and the individual continues to sleep, they experience:

more REM sleep

The ___________ level of activity in the ___________ cortex during REM sleep is reflective of visual hallucinations that occur during dreaming.

high; extrastriate

The nature of dreams, such as disorganization, scrambled events, and no clear passing of time, suggests that the ___________ cortex has a ________ activity level during REM sleep.

prefrontal; low

If you were sleeping and experienced stimulation to your dorsolateral ______________ cortex, it is more likely that you would report lucid dreaming, which is realizing that you are dreaming and not actually awake.

prefrontal

Research suggests that eye movements during REM sleep:

are in response to the visual images that are being experienced

To encourage mental activity in a stress-free way, Horne and Minard (1985) treated their participants to a fun day out, with visits to museums, amusement parks, galleries, and shopping malls. That night, participants:

experienced more slow-waved sleep

Compared to slow-wave sleep, REM sleep strongly facilitates:

the consolidation of nondeclarative memory

Joey, as a research participant, has to study a list of paired words. He is then allowed to take a nap before testing. If he experiences ____________ sleep, he does better on the test.

stage 3

If norepinephrine levels are high, then:

the animal is awake

The textbook describes six different neurotransmitters involving in regulating arousal and the sleep-wake cycle. Levels of only one of these chemicals—namely, _____ —are high rather than low during REM sleep.

acetylcholine

In the flip-flop circuit that controls sleep and arousal, the ___________ neurons are the stabilizing force, pushing the circuit toward arousal.

orexinergic

Doris works a stressful job, has difficulty falling asleep, and often wakes up early. After several weeks, she agrees to participate in a sleep study to determine whether she has insomnia. It is likely that the results of her sleep study show Doris:

spends as much time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia

The response of the pupil and retina to the ambient level of light is controlled by:

neither rods nor cones

A gorilla beats on its chest in a dominance display when threatened. This act reflects the __________ component of emotion.

behavioral

When it is your turn to read your poem aloud in class, your heart starts to thump in your chest and your palms get sweaty. This act reflects the __________ component of emotion.

autonomic

In the amygdala, the basal nucleus receives information from:

the lateral nucleus, but not the central nucleus

If the central nucleus of the amygdala is stimulated, a monkey will:

show fear, regardless of the target

A rat experiences a shock paired with the sound of a bell. The animal now experiences fear, demonstrated by freezing behavior, when it hears a bell. In the terms of classical conditioning, the sound of the bell is the:

conditioned stimulus

The _______________ in the brain is involved in aggressive attack, predation, and regulation of pain.

periaqueductal gray matter

A serotonin antagonist would: 

facilitate aggressive attack

Drugs that act as __________ for _________ might help to reduce aggressive behavior.

agonists; serotonin

A _____ female mouse is ______ likely to exhibit interfemale aggression.

2M; more

Prenatal androgenization increases aggressive behavior in:

all species that have been studied

In a fear-inducing situation, individuals who show courage are likely experiencing activation of the _____________ cortex.

subgenual anterior cingulate 

Research shows people with antisocial personality disorder have an 11 percent reduction in volume of the gray matter of the:

prefrontal cortex

The ______________ plays an important role in provoking anger and violent emotional reactions, whereas the ___________ plays an important role in suppressing such behavior by making us see its negative consequences.

amygdala; prefrontal cortex

Research suggests impulsive behavior reflects decreased ___________ activation in the _________ prefrontal cortex.

serotonergic; medial

When presented with the moral dilemma of whether to physically push Person A onto a trolley track to stop a trolley car from killing five other people, individuals with damage to the ____________ will choose to push Person A and stop the trolley, demonstrating no moral dilemma with this choice.

ventromedial prefrontal cortex