Human Development

What occurs during the prenatal period (sensorimotor)?

all reflexes present at 29 weeks

response to sound at 24 weeks

tactile, proprioceptive, and vestibular present

What occurs during the early infancy period (sensorimotor)?

birth-3 months

response to human faces

head righting and side to side

What occurs during the middle infancy period (sensorimotor)?

4-6 months

foundation for postural control and vision

primitive grasp

midline and move to voluntary movement

What occurs during the late infancy period (sensorimotor)?

7-9 months

development of fine motor skills and motor planning

What occurs during the transitional infancy period (sensorimotor)?

10-12 months

ability to cross midline

primitive self feeding

What occurs during the emerging toddler period (sensorimotor)?

13-24 months

balance and dynamic postural control increased

complex motor planning increased

What occurs during the toddler period (sensorimotor)?

2-3 years

tactile discrimination and localization

motor planning and praxis increase planned actions

What occurs during the preschool period (sensorimotor)?

3-5 years

rough and tumble play

social development

refinement of systems

improved fine motor

What is the rooting reflex?

movement of tounge, mouth, head to stimulus

3 months integration

What is the suck swallow reflex?

rhythmical sucking

2-5 months integration

What is the traction reflex?

pull to sit → flexion of UE

2-5 months integration

What is the moro reflex?

head backward → arm ext, abd, hand opening

4-6 months integration

What is the plantar grasp reflex?

toe flexion

9 months integration

What is the galant reflex?

rub along spine → lateral trunk flexion to stimulus

2 months integration

What is the ATNR reflex?

turn head → fencing

4-6 months integration

What is the palmar grasp reflex?

finger flexion

4-6 months integration

What is the supine tonic labyrinthe reflex?

supine → extnesor tone

6 months integration

What is the prone tonic labyrinthe reflex?

prone → increased flexor tone

6 months integration

What is the landeau reflex?

prone suspension → extension

3-4 months onset

12-24 months integration

What is the STNR reflex?

extend neck → flex hips and knees

4-6 months onset

8-12 months integration

What is the neck righting reflex?

supine turn head → log roll to maintain alignment

4-6 months onset

8-12 months integration

What is the body righting reflex?

supine fle hip and knee → trunk rolling to maintain alignment

4-6 months onset

5 years integration

What is the labyrinthe reflex?

hold upright and tilt → upright head position

birth-2 months onset

What is the downward protective extension reflex?

rapid lower → extension of LE

4 months onset

What is the forward protective extension reflex?

rapid forward tilt → extension of UE

6-9 months onset

What is the sideways protective extension reflex?

rapid sideways tilt → extension and abduction of UE

7 months onset

What is the backwards protective extension reflex?

rapid backwards tilt → backwards arm extension

9-10 months onset

What is the prone tilt reflex?

prone and tilt surface → curve spine to raised side

5 month onset

What is the supine tilt reflex?

supine and tilt surface → curve spine to raised side

7-8 month onset

What is the quadruped tilt reflex?

all 4s and tilt surface → curve spine to raised side

9-12 months onset

What is the standing tilt reflex?

standing and tilt surface → curve spine to raised side

12-21 months onset

What happens to stability skills in the 0-3 month range?

• can right head back in sitting

• sits with hips apart

• takes dome weight on legs in standing

• turns head side to side in supine

• lifts head momentarily in prone

• bear weight on forearms

What happens to stability skills in the 3-4 month range?

• hold head at midline with no chin tuck

• aligns pelvis with shoulders

What happens to stability skills in the 4-5 month range?

• no more head lag

• plays in midline away from body

What happens to stability skills in the 5-6 month range?

• bears and shifts weight on extended arms

• reaches forward on forearms

• equilibrium reactions

• lifts head independently

• kick legs

• feet to mouth

• sits alone momentarily with prop

• held by arms in standing

• bounces in standing

What happens to stability skills in the 6-8 month range?

• lifts chest and thighs off surface

• moves from prone to sitting

• rotates upper body independently from lower body

What happens to stability skills in the 8-10 month range?

• pulls to stand

• sits well without support

• sits with legs closer together

• increased variety in sitting

What happens to stability skills in the 10-12 month range?

• fully developed trunk control in sitting

• pulls to stand with legs only

• shift body weight

• stands alone momentarily

What happens to mobility skills in the 3-4 month range?

• accidentally rolls prone/supine to side

What happens to mobility skills in the 5-6 month range?

• rolls from prone ←> supine

• cruising forward

What happens to mobility skills in the 7 month range?

• crawls on belly

What happens to mobility skills in the 8 month range?

• cruises sideways

What happens to mobility skills in the 9-10 month range?

• reciprocally creeps

• cruises on furniture

• rolls segmentally

What happens to mobility skills in the 10-12 month range?

• creeps on hands and feet

• creeps on inclines

• stoops to recover balance

• walks with 1 hand hold

What happens to mobility skills in the 12-15 month range?

• walks independently

• creeps up stairs

What happens to mobility skills in the 15-18 month range?

• falls frequently

• runs stiffly

• climbs

What happens to mobility skills in the 18-24 month range?

• walks up and down stairs holding on

• creeps backwards down stairs

What happens to mobility skills in the 2-2.5 year range?

• jumps off step

• walks up and down steps unsupported with time

What happens to mobility skills in the 2.5-3 year range?

• walks up stairs alternating feet

What happens to mobility skills in the 3-3.5 year range?

• jumps off floor with both feet

• walks down stairs alternating feet

What happens to mobility skills in the 3-4 year range?

• gallops

What happens to mobility skills in the 4-5 year range?

• jumps over

• hops in straight line

What happens to mobility skills in the 5-6 year range?

• skips

What happens to reaching and grasp skills in the birth-2 month range?

• batting at objects in supine

• reflexive grasp

• visual attention to cube sized objects

What happens to reaching and grasp skills in the 3-4 month range?

• direct arm movement in supine

• hands to midline

• sustained voluntary grasp on cube

• uses ulnar side of hand

• visually attends to small object

• pulls cube to body to hold

What happens to reaching and grasp skills in the 4-5 month range?

• reaches desired object and holds with both hands

• reaches further

• weight shifts to reach

• progress to palmar grasp

• adducts thumb

What happens to reaching and grasp skills in the 6 month range?

• disscociation of sides of body

• direct reach

• swiping at small objects

What happens to reaching and grasp skills in the 7 month range?

• weight shifts on hands and knees to grab with one arm

• radial palmar grasp

• raking small objects

What happens to reaching and grasp skills in the 8-9 month range?

• radial digital grasp

• inferior pincer grasp on small objects

• reaches with 2 hands in prone

What happens to reaching and grasp skills in the 10 month range?

• pincer grasp

What happens to reaching and grasp skills in the 12 month range?

• fine pincer grasp

What happens to object manipulation skills in the 3-4 month range?

• moved by flexing elbow

• bilateral hold

What happens to object manipulation skills in the 5-7 month range?

• one handed hold other manipulates

• 2 stage transfer

What happens to object manipulation skills in the 7-9 month range?

• 1 stage transfer both hands do same thing

• voluntary release

What happens to object manipulation skills in the 9-15 month range?

• voluntary release refined

What happens to object manipulation skills in the 15 months-2 year range?

• finger to palm translation

• bilateral manipulation of more than 1 object

What happens to object manipulation skills in the 2-2.5 year range?

• palm to finger translation

• simple rotation

What happens to object manipulation skills in the 3-6 year range?

• shift

What happens to object manipulation skills in the 6-7 year range?

• complex rotation

What happens to writing and drawing skills in the 8-12 month range?

• mouths utensil

• crinkles paper

What happens to writing and drawing skills in the 1-2 year range?

• scribbling

• cylindircal grasp → palmar supinate grasp

What happens to writing and drawing skills in the 2-3 year range?

• digital pronate grasp

• scribbles intentionally

• tries to immitate copies of lines and circles

What happens to writing and drawing skills in the 3-4 year range?

• static tripod grasp

• starts to draw formable shapes

• human with 3 features

What happens to writing and drawing skills in the 4-5 year range?

• dynamic tripod

• copies some letters and numbers

• intentionally draws picture

• draws recognizable human

What happens to writing and drawing skills in the 5-7 year range?

• writes name with upper and lowercase

• pictures with interests and experiences

What happens to scissor skills in the 2-3 year range?

• opens and closes scissors

What happens to scissor skills in the 3-4 year range?

• cuts with snips across paper

What happens to scissor skills in the 4-5 year range?

• cuts squares and triangles

What happens to scissor skills in the 5-7 year range?

• cuts variety of shapes

What is Piaget’s sensorimotor period (birth-2 years)?

• uses sensorimotor to develop understanding of world

• actions in response to reflexes

• cause and effect due to reflexes

• voluntary patterns develop

• voluntary movement in response to items not seen

• tool use

What is Piaget’s preoperational period (2-7 years)?

• egocentric → logical thought

• expands vocabulary

• imitates, copies, repeats

• develops classification and relationships of objects

• recognize similarities of objects despite changes

What is Piaget’s concrete operational period (7-11 years)?

• logical thinking mentally

• develops spatial awareness, rules, simple problem solving

What is Piaget’s formal operational period (11-teen years)?

• hypothesize from experiences

• develop abstract thinking and envision future

• understand math

What is exploratory play (0-2 years)?

• sensory and motor skills developed

• plays mostly with caregiver

What is symbolic play (12-18 months)?

• make beleive play

What is symbolic play (18-24 months)?

• pretending objects are other things

What is symbolic play (2-4 years)?

• feelings combined with actions

• parallel → cooperative

What is creative play (4-7 years)?

• combination of actions on objects

• master school performance

• cooperative

What is games play (7-12 years)?

• play with rules

• competition

What do you do to avoid airway closure when feeding?

avoid head extension

What do you do to ensure lip closure when feeding?

• firm upward pressure in middle of lip

What do you do to ensure jaw closure when feeding?

firm upward pressure under jaw

What do you do to inhibit tounge thrust when feeding?

• press spoon down and hold on tounge

What do you do to ensure swallow when feeding?

place spoon on middle tounge with slight pressure

What do you do to ensure chewing when feeding?

• place foods between gums and teeth

What do you do to inhibit tonic bite reflex when feeding?

• firm downward pressure on middle tounge

What oral motor skills are seen at 1 month?

• rhythmic sucking

What oral motor skills are seen at 4-5 months?

• strong sucking

• good lip closure

• tounge up and down

What oral motor skills are seen at 6 months?

• strong tounge up and down

What oral motor skills are seen at 7-8 months?

• diagonal jaw movement