Micro ch 3 1/21 accidental end recording

Bacterial Shape & Storage Inclusions - Bacterial Lipids (in between those are in notes)

what do storage inclusions do

nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks

—> saving things for use later

most common storage inclusions

glycogen, carbon, phosphate, sulfur, amino acids (“good cats prefer salmon always”)

glycogen storage

stored from glucose

carbon storage: it is stored as what

poly-B-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)

phosphate

keep bacteria safe, absorbent until necessary; needed for backbone of DNA & ATP

—> polyphosphate granules

sulfur

necessary for amino acid; coenzymes; sulfur globules

amino acids

bacteria use amino acids and have extra amino acids; for translation, but if not using, save them in cyanophycin granules

inclusions are used for

movement

two kinds of inclusions

gas vacuoles & magnetosomes

gas vacuole

tubes filled with gas; cell will float; take gas out = sink; helps bacteria move up or down

—> water inhibits movement from specific wavelengths; not all bacteria uses the same wavelengths to grow

magnetosomes are dependent on what skeletal protein

MamK

—> puts together magnitite particles in a line; when it gets to the depth it needs to be, they separate

example of a magnetosome

Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense

—> shape: spirillum (stiff)

example of a coccobacillus and a vibrio bacteria

Chlamydia & Crescentus

example of a spirillum (stiff) and a spirochete (flexible) bacteria

Campylobacter & Borrelia

example of a pleomorphic bacteria

Cornyebacterium

filamentous make what and are similar to what

hyphae that form mycelium; similar to fungi

example of filamentous bacteria

cyanobacteria & Streptomyces

complex bacteria create

fruiting bodies; ex: Myxococcus

Plasmids & Episomes are

extrachromosomal DNA

—> bacteria are haploid so they have one copy of chromosome; reproduce asexually; gets extra info from HGT; gain plasmid from neighbor

Plasmid exist and __ independently of __

replicate; chromosome

episomes ___ into the __

integrate; chromosome

—> insertion sequence

classification via mode of existence, spread, and function: C__ plasmids, ___ plasmids, V__ plasmids, C__ plasmids

-conjugate plasmids

-R plasmids

-Virulence plasmids

-Col plasmids

conjugate plasmids allow bacteria to

share information

—> conjugation is a type of HGT

R plasmids stand for

Resistance

—> resisting antibiotics (remember plasmids can be shared between bacteria)

Virulence plasmids

how tough & how much damage can cause

—> E. coli O157:H7

—> E.coli O21 not virulent

virulence factor includes toxins

Col plasmids

colocin: chemical compound that bacteria make to kill bacteria that look like them

—> bc of competition

plasmids can be used to make

insulin

1) plasma membrane function

encompasses the cytoplasm; cell membrane & cytoplasm requirement for all living organisms

—> inside: cytoplasm

—> outside: environment

2) plasma membrane function

selectively permeable barrier

—> glucose needs to cross; crosses going through a protein (transporter)

—> shipped outside: waste

transmembrane proteins

3) plasma membrane functions

interacts with external environment

—> receptors for detection of and response to chemicals in surroundings

—> transport systems

—> metabolic processes

• receptor/sensor that can tell them to go dormant

• cell membrane in bacteria can do metabolism that does not happen in eukaryotes

—> mitochondria have ETC in the imf, but BACTERIA DOES NOT HAVE MITOCHONDRIA (only found in eukaryotic cells)

do bacteria have mitochondria? is mitochondria gram (+) or (-)

no, they are only found in eukaryotic cells; gram (-)

fluid mosaic model: ampipathic lipids

• phospholipids are ampipathic; hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

• phospholipid bilayer

fluid mosaic model: membrane proteins

• peripheral or integral

• clustered

—> peripheral: not embedded

—> integral: part of membrane; removal destroys the membrane

• integral proteins must be ampipathic: portion that interacts with hydrophobic region is hydrophobic & hydrophillic w/ hydrophilic & environment

—> transmembrane proteins: across the membrane (in pic on pwp, looks like bones)

• transmembrane proteins are integral proteins, but not all integral proteins are transmembrane proteins

transmembrane proteins are __ proteins, but …

integral; not all integral proteins are transmembrane proteins

all lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes: true or false

true

function of transmembrane proteins

• bringing in sugars & getting rid of waste

bacterial lipids: ___ level reflect environmental conditions

saturation level

bacterial lipids: bacterial membranes lack ___ and contain ___

sterols; hopanoids

—> E. coli, Staph aureus, Bacillus anthracis: hopanoid (also have cell wall

—> hydrophobic

bacterial lipids: eukaryotes have ___ in their membranes

sterols

—> usually absent in prokaryotes

bacterial lipids: what prokaryote has sterols in their membranes?

Mycoplasma (only prokaryote that has sterols)

—> they also lack a cell wall like humans; eukaryotes CAN have a cell wall though (ex: plants)