bio unit 4 test review

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charles darwin

• figured out how evolution works

• proposed natural selection

• galapagos islands

modern theory of evolution

• earth is old and is constantly changing

• as the environment changes, evolution happens as species adapt to the new environment

• natural selection is the mechanism that causes species to change

• descent with modification is modern species evolved from earlier species and share a common ancestor

• species that cannot adapt reduce in number and may become extinct

• new traits arise in species from mutations and genetic recombination

descent with modification

modern species evolved from earlier species and share a common ancestor
- next generation of offspring inherit characteristics from parents that fit environment

natural selection

• organisms with best characteristics for survival live longer and produced offspring

• environment ‘chooses’ who lives and dies

steps of natural selection

• overproduction - too many offspring are produced that can possibly survive

• competition - offspring must struggle to survive and reproduce

• variations - members of a species are different from each other due to sexual reproduction, genetic recombinations, and mutations

fossils

remains of traces of dead organisms preserved in rock layers

homologous structures

• similar parts but different function

• show different species are related and have a common ancestor in the distant past

analogous structures

different parts but similar function - not related

EX: bird’s wings vs insect’s wings

vestigial structures

no longer useful structures

EX: wisdom teeth, tail bone, appendix, goosebumps

population

same species living in the same place at the same time

adaption

group of characteristics that help the organism survive and reproduce

• populations adapt and evolve, not individuals

structure - body part
physiology - internal process
behavior - what organism does

EX:
the long ears (structure) of a rabbit allows it to hear predators (physiology) and run away (behavior)

artificial selection

selective breeding

• humans choose which individuals based on characteristics the organism has

• those traits will be seen in the offspring

EX: dog breeding

gene pool

all the genes and alleles available to a population when they mate and reproduce

changes in gene pool can happen due to:

• natural selection

• genetic drift - random chance

• gene flow - exchange genes with another population

• mutation - new variation

microevolution

• changes in alleles found in the gene pool

• alleles increase or decrease over each generation depending on which traits are helpful

EX:

green bugs do not camouflage as brown bugs, and green bugs are eaten

speciation

the process of forming a new species from an existing species from:

• geographic isolation

• new variations and adaptions

  time apart

• reproductive isolation

species

organisms that mate with each other in nature and produce fertile offspring

macroevolution

speciation - forming a new species

reproductive isolation

organisms cannot mate with each other due to reproductive barriers

EX:

• timing - different species are fertile and have mating seasons at different times

• behavior - different species attract mates in different ways (scent, dance, colors)

• habitat - based on where the species live (top of water vs. bottom)

• genetics - number of chromosomes is different, if mating occurs offspring are not produce/not fertile

geographic isolation

separation of populations due to land or water

• leads to reproductive isolation because individuals of the species no long have contact with each other and may adapt to different habitats

EX:

mountains, deserts, lakes

adaptive radiation

organisms diversify rapidly from one common ancestor into many new species (usually on islands) with different resources/habitats)

taxonomy

• classify, name, identify organisms

• scientific name = genus, species

domain

kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

binomial

• 2 names, use name, use italics

• genus (more general) + species (more specific)

why not use common name for organisms?

• confusing - same name for different species (bug, weed)

• misleading - name does not match organism (seahorse, jellyfish)

• translation - different names for some species (ladybug, ladybird)

3 domains

bacteria - prokaryotic (no nucleus)

archaea - prokaryotic (no nucleus + DNA has introns)

eurkarya - eukaryotic (nucleus + DNA has introns)

fitness

a measure of how well a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

• no rule, what is fit in one environment may be unfit in another

carbon dating/rock dating

• confirms the age of the earth or fossils

• bottom layer of rock contains the oldest fossils/simple organisms

explain the evolution with pesticides:

insects evolve resistance to pesticides. when exposed to the pesticides, the insects with genetic resistance to the pesticides survive and reproduce; the ones without the resistance die. the next generation will have more resistant insects

classification

organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationship

eurkarya domain kingdoms

• protist - unicellular, heterotrophs (protozoa) and autotrophs (algae)
  EX: amoeba

• fungi - multicellular, all heterotrophs (decomposers)
  EX: yeast, mold, mushrooms

• plant - multicellular, all autotrophs (producers that do photosynthesis)
  EX: moss, fern, trees

• animal - multicellular, all hetertrophs (consumers that eat other organisms)
  EX: invertebrates and vertebrates

phylogenetic trees

show the evolutionary relationship between living species and extinct species

cladogram

an evolutionary tree that diagrams ancestral relationships among organisms based on derived characteristics

ecology

study of interactions between organisms and their environment

habitat

where an organism lives

niche

what an organism does, primarily determined by when, where, and how it obtains food

• niche creates competition

competition

the struggle between organisms for the same resource in an ecosystem at the same time

• organisms defend territory for food

cooperation

organisms benefit each other

• organisms shelters another, exchange resources

• co-evolution relationships

abiotic

nonliving parts of an ecosystem

EX:
air, water, sunlight, temperature, soil

biotic

living parts of an ecosystem

EX:
all of the organisms

levels of organization for biotic factors

population - all members of one species in an area

community - all different species in an area

ecosystem - all species in an area and the abiotic factors

biosphere - the portion of earth where are life is found

carrying capacity

the largest population an ecosystem can support

limiting factors

anything that limits the size of a population

could be : sunlight,, water, temperature, climate, food, predators, disease, competition

overpopulation

when a population exceeds the carrying capacity

• results in large number of organisms dying off until a new balance is reached

group behavior

group behavior has evolved because membership in a group can increase the chances of survival individuals and their genetic relatives

biodiversity

the variety of all life on earth

diverse ecosystems

many different species are more stable than those that are not diverse

nutrition

taking in nutrients for various activities including:

• growth

• repair damaged tissues

• synthesis

• cellular respiration

ingestion

takes nutrients into body

digestion

break down nutrients into smaller molecules, in order to be absorbed into blood and into the cells of organisms

autotroph nutrition

organisms take inorganic molecules and convert them into organic nutrients

heterotroph nutrition

organisms must obtain nutrients from other organisms

cellular respiration

process that takes energy stored in sugar molecules and places this energy into molecules of ATP by adding energized phosphate

photosynthesis

process in which the sun’s energy is stored in the chemical bonds of sugar

• end result is glucose

• oxygen is waste product

chloroplast

cell organelle that performs photosynthesis

xylem and phloem

tubes that transport water (xylem) and food (phloem) through plant

energy pyramid

shows that energy is lost with each step in a food chain

carbon cycle

during photosynthesis, plants take in n carbon dioxide and release oxygen into the air

during cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is released as waste

during process of decay, decomposers release carbon dioxide, used to make glucose

water cycle

plants take in water used for photosynthesis

water evaporates out of leaves during transpiration

as water evaporates from lakes and oceans, it rises and cools in the atmosphere and returns to earth as precipitation

nitrogen cycle

bacteria in soil that are decomposers convert nitrogen from the air into nitrates that plants use as fetilizer

the nitrogen is then used to form organic compounds

bacteria

• prokaryotic/no nucleus, no introns in DNA + single celled

• shape is round

• bacteria uses binary fission to produce rapidly

• no mitosis

• recycles elements

• bioremedition

• used to produce drugs

cyanobacteria

first cells to do photosynthesis

• put all oxygen in earth’s atmosphere

• caused oxygen revolution which allowed aerobic cellular respiration to develop making more energy available to cells

bioremedition

humans use bacteria to remove pollution from water, air, and soil, break apart oil spills, raw sewage, toxic water

archaea

• prokaryotic/no nucleus, has introns in DNA, single celled

• lives in extreme environments

eukarya

• eurkaryotic/cells with nucleus, has introns in DNA

• includes single-celled protists and multicellular organisms

all organisms in 3 major kingdoms: fungi, plants, animals