bio chapters 14 + 15 test review

someone pray for me for this test

charles darwin

• figured out how evolution works

• proposed natural selection

• galapagos islands

modern theory of evolution

• earth is old and is constantly changing

• as the environment changes, evolution happens as species adapt to the new environment

• natural selection is the mechanism that causes species to change

• descent with modification is modern species evolved from earlier species and share a common ancestor

• species that cannot adapt reduce in number and may become extinct

• new traits arise in species from mutations and genetic recombination

descent with modification

modern species evolved from earlier species and share a common ancestor
- next generation of offspring inherit characteristics from parents that fit environment

natural selection

• organisms with best characteristics for survival live longer and produced offspring

• environment ‘chooses’ who lives and dies

steps of natural selection

• overproduction - too many offspring are produced that can possibly survive

• competition - offspring must struggle to survive and reproduce

• variations - members of a species are different from each other due to sexual reproduction, genetic recombinations, and mutations

fossils

remains of traces of dead organisms preserved in rock layers

homologous structures

• similar parts but different function

• show different species are related and have a common ancestor in the distant past

analogous structures

different parts but similar function - not related

EX: bird’s wings vs insect’s wings

vestigial structures

no longer useful structures

EX: wisdom teeth, tail bone, appendix, goosebumps

population

same species living in the same place at the same time

adaption

group of characteristics that help the organism survive and reproduce

• populations adapt and evolve, not individuals

structure - body part
physiology - internal process
behavior - what organism does

EX:
the long ears (structure) of a rabbit allows it to hear predators (physiology) and run away (behavior)

artificial selection

selective breeding

• humans choose which individuals based on characteristics the organism has

• those traits will be seen in the offspring

EX: dog breeding

gene pool

all the genes and alleles available to a population when they mate and reproduce

changes in gene pool can happen due to:

• natural selection

• genetic drift - random chance

• gene flow - exchange genes with another population

• mutation - new variation

microevolution

• changes in alleles found in the gene pool

• alleles increase or decrease over each generation depending on which traits are helpful

EX:

green bugs do not camouflage as brown bugs, and green bugs are eaten

speciation

the process of forming a new species from an existing species from:

• geographic isolation

• new variations and adaptions

  time apart

• reproductive isolation

species

organisms that mate with each other in nature and produce fertile offspring

macroevolution

speciation - forming a new species

reproductive isolation

organisms cannot mate with each other due to reproductive barriers

EX:

• timing - different species are fertile and have mating seasons at different times

• behavior - different species attract mates in different ways (scent, dance, colors)

• habitat - based on where the species live (top of water vs. bottom)

• genetics - number of chromosomes is different, if mating occurs offspring are not produce/not fertile

geographic isolation

separation of populations due to land or water

• leads to reproductive isolation because individuals of the species no long have contact with each other and may adapt to different habitats

EX:

mountains, deserts, lakes

adaptive radiation

organisms diversify rapidly from one common ancestor into many new species (usually on islands) with different resources/habitats)

taxonomy

• classify, name, identify organisms

• scientific name = genus, species

binomial

• 2 names, use name, use italics

• genus (more general) + species (more specific)

why not use common name for organisms?

• confusing - same name for different species (bug, weed)

• misleading - name does not match organism (seahorse, jellyfish)

• translation - different names for some species (ladybug, ladybird)

3 domains

bacteria - prokaryotic (no nucleus)

archaea - prokaryotic (no nucleus + DNA has introns)

eurkarya - eukaryotic (nucleus + DNA has introns)

fitness

a measure of how well a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

• no rule, what is fit in one environment may be unfit in another

carbon dating/rock dating

• confirms the age of the earth or fossils

• bottom layer of rock contains the oldest fossils/simple organisms

explain the evolution with pesticides:

insects evolve resistance to pesticides. when exposed to the pesticides, the insects with genetic resistance to the pesticides survive and reproduce; the ones without the resistance die. the next generation will have more resistant insects

classification

organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationship

eurkarya domain kingdoms

• protist - unicellular, heterotrophs (protozoa) and autotrophs (algae)
  EX: amoeba

• fungi - multicellular, all heterotrophs (decomposers)
  EX: yeast, mold, mushrooms

• plant - multicellular, all autotrophs (producers that do photosynthesis)
  EX: moss, fern, trees

• animal - multicellular, all hetertrophs (consumers that eat other organisms)
  EX: invertebrates and vertebrates

phylogenetic trees

show the evolutionary relationship between living species and extinct species

cladogram

an evolutionary tree that diagrams ancestral relationships among organisms based on derived characteristics