Types of Cells

Cells

• smallest and the most basic unit of life

• unable to see with the naked eye

• distributes oxygen throughout the body

Two Basic Types of Cells

• The simple prokaryotes

• The complex eukaryotes

PROKARYOTE - found in simple organisms

PARTS - 7 parts

Nucleoid

• region where the cell’s DNA is located

Ribosomes

• synthesizes or makes protein

Cell membrane

• controls what goes in and out of the cell

Cell wall

• rigid structure outside of the cell membrane

Cytoplasm

• jelly-like cytosol in the cell where other cellular components are found

Capsule

• jelly-like outer coating of many prokaryotes

Flagellum

• The locomotory organelle/organelle that makes the cell move

EUKARYOTE - DNA inside a distinct nucleus, and their organelles are neatly arranged in the membrane-bound compartments

PARTS - 6 parts

Plasma membrane/Cell membrane

• consists of a double layer/bilayer of phospholipids with various proteins

• controls the passage of organic materials, ions, and water

• controls what goes in or out

Cytoplasm

• acts as a buffer and protects the genetic material of the cell and also the cellular organelles from damage caused by movement and collision of other cells

• protects DNA from damage

Nucleus

• most important organelle in a cell because it houses the cell’s DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• serves multiple functions being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins

Rough - ribosome attached to its outer (cytoplasmic) surface

- specializes in the synthesis of proteins

Smooth - involved in the synthesis of lipids used in the production of new cellular membrane

Mitochondria

• called the “powerhouse” or “energy factory” of a cell

• energy is stored in adenosine triphosphate

Ribosomes

• the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis

Plant and Animal cells

Size

• Animal cells are usually smaller than plant cells

Shape

• Animal cells come in various sizes and tend to have round or irregular shapes. Plant cells are more similar in size and are typically rectangular or cube shaped.

Energy Storage

• Animal cells store energy as carbohydrate glycogen. Plant cells store energy as starch.

Proteins

• Animal cells can only produce 10 amino acids naturally. Plant cells are capable of synthesizing all 20 amino acids

Differentiation

• In animal cells, only stem cells are capable of converting to other cells. Most plant cell types are capable of differentiation

Growth

• Animal cells get bigger by increasing cell numbers. Plant cells get bigger by becoming larger.

Cell wall

• Animal cells don’t have a cell wall but have a cell membrane. Plant cells have both and the cell wall is composed of cellulose.

Centrioles

• plays a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system.

Cilia

• Cilia are microtubules that aid in cellular locomotion.

Lysosomes

• contains enzymes that digest cellular macromolecules.

Vacuoles

• storage bubbles found in cells.

Chloroplast

• organelles found in the plant cell that conducts photosynthesis

DIFFERENT CELLS

Red Blood cells

• removes carbon dioxide from your body transporting it to the lungs for you to exhale

• transports oxygen throughout the body

White Blood cells

• protects the body from pathogens

Muscle cells

• they contain a lot of mitochondria

Nerve cells

• transports the messages to the brain for processing

• “body’s messenger”

Sperm cells

• transmission of the father’s genetic material to the offspring

Levels of organisms

• Biological Organization 🦠

• arranged from the simpliest to the most complex

• Ecology 🌿

• interrelation of organisms and their environments

Lower Levels of Organization

Atoms

• smallest unit of an element that still maintains the property of the element.

• ex. all the elements on the periodic table

Molecules

• different properties than the atoms they contain

• ex. water, oxygen, any 2 atoms together

Organelle

• small cell structures that exist in a cell

• ex. mitochondria, flagellum, all the parts of the cell

Cell

• smallest unit of life

• ex. eukaryote & prokaryote

Tissue

• group of cells with similar functions

• ex. connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

Organs

• group of tissues working together to carry out a common function

• ex. heart, brain, all the organs of your body

Organ system

• several organ performing together for a common function, our body is made up of 11 organ systems.

• ex. skeletal, muscular, several organs in a group

Organism

• several organ systems working together to create a life form

• ex. humans, animals, plants, living things

11 ORGAN SYSTEMS

1. Integumentary system

• encloses the internal body structure

• hair, skin, nails

2. Skeletal system

• supports the body and enables movement

• skull, femur, etc.

3. Muscular system

• responsible for the movement of the human body and helps regulate body temp

• bicep

4. Nervous system

• complex network of nerves and cells that send messages to the brain and various parts of the body

• brain, spinal chord, nerve, ganglion

5. Endocrine system

• made up of glands that make up hormones, hormones are the body’s chemical messengers

• pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, etc.

6. Cardovascular system

• delivers oxygen and nutrients to body tissue

• heart & veins

7. Lymphatic system

• is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxin waste and other unwanted materials

• thymus, spleen

8. Respiratory system

• network of organs and tissues that help you breathe

• lungs, nose, diaphragm

9. Digestive system

• processes food for body use and removes waste from undigested food

• liver, stomach, mouth, intestines, anus, rectum

10. Urinary system

• also known as the renal system, produces, stores, and eliminates urine, the fluid waste excreted by the kidneys

• kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra

11. Reproductive system

• collection of internal and external organs — in both male and females that work together for the purpose of procreating

• Women: uterus, vagina, ovary (most important)

• Men: prostate, urethra, testicle (most important)

HIGHER LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Organism

• is an individual life form

• a group of organisms that share generalphysical characteristics, interbreed, and produce offspring is called a species

Population

• group of organisms of the same species that live in a defined area

Community

• consists of different species of organisms that interact with one another in a given area

Ecosystem

• living and non-living factors

• can be as big as forests or oceans; they can also be as small as a pond or a tree

Biome

• ecosystem occupying large ecological areas

• it shares abiotic characteristics among its unique plants and animals

Biosphere

• part of the Earth that supports life

• 3 parts

• Lithosphere - top portion of the Earth’s crust

• Hydrosphere - all bodies of water on the Earth’s surface

• Atmosphere - the surrounding air