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Magnets
used to remove solids from the nonmagnetic components of a mixture
Decantation
the most appropriate method to use for mixtures of liquid and heavy insoluble liquids
example :
sand-water mixture
Evaporation
continuously heating the mixture
Sublimation
volatile solids may be separated from non-volatile substances
Filtration
a solid-liquid mixture is allowed to pass through a filter trapping the solids in it
Distillation
separates miscible liquids of different boiling points such as ethyl alcohol and water
Chromatography
the method used to separate compoenents of different degrees of solubility using a moving and a stationary fluid
Accuracy
indicates how close a measurement to the true or accepted value
Precision
refers to the closeness of measurements within a set of data
Significant figures
all the digits that are part of the measurements are considered as _______
Scientific notation
simple way to write and keep track of very small or very large numbers without having to deal with a lot of zeros
Mass
amount of matter
Weight
pull of gravity
Volume
is the amount of occupied mass by an object ( L x W x H )
Density
how packed your matter is ( P = m/v )
Specific gravity
a dimensionless quantity that a density of a solid or liquid to that of water 4°C
Sp gr = density of solid or liquid
density of water
s.p = px/pw
Temperature
is the hotness or coldness
( notes raning sa ubos )
°F to °C = °C ( °F - 32 )/ 1.8
°C to °F = °F = ( °C x 1.8 )+ 32
°C to K = K = °C + 273.15
Systematic or determinate errors
can be attributed to definite causes
can be predicted and eliminated
Systematic or Determinate errors can be classified into :
Operative errors
Method errors
Instrumental errors
Random or indeterminate errors
Gross errors
Mixtures
are made up of two or more substances that are only combined physically and can be separated into their elements through simple physical means
are composed of different pure substances that are physically combined in variable proportions
Compound
is composed of two or more elements combined chemically in definite proportions
Extensive or extrinsic properties
properties such as mass, length, size, and volume depend on the amount of matter.
Intensive or intrinsic properties
properties that depend on the type of matter, which include density, color, physical state, melting, boiling, and freezing points, and thermal conductivity
may also be used to identify a substance, for example, coal and diamond are both made of carbon but differ greatly in color and density
Matter
can be classified as pure substance or mixture
Element
simplest type of matter that is composed of only one kind of atom
Homogeneous mixtures
like saltwater and air, exist in a single phase, which means that the appearance, properties, and composition are uniform throughout a sample.
Solution
is a homogeneous mixture of substances and can be physically combined in varying proportions
Solution’s two ( 2 ) parts
Solute
Solvent
Solute
is the substance that gets dissolved
Solvent
is the one that does the dissolving, and usually present in larger quantity than the solute
Heterogeneous mixtures
are mixtures whose components are not evenly distributed in the simple and can thus be physically identified
Examples :
oil-water mixture