Chemistry Reviewer - Grade 11

Magnets

used to remove solids from the nonmagnetic components of a mixture

Decantation

the most appropriate method to use for mixtures of liquid and heavy insoluble liquids

example :

• sand-water mixture

Evaporation

continuously heating the mixture

Sublimation

volatile solids may be separated from non-volatile substances

Filtration

a solid-liquid mixture is allowed to pass through a filter trapping the solids in it

Distillation

separates miscible liquids of different boiling points such as ethyl alcohol and water

Chromatography

the method used to separate compoenents of different degrees of solubility using a moving and a stationary fluid

Accuracy

indicates how close a measurement to the true or accepted value

Precision

refers to the closeness of measurements within a set of data

Significant figures

all the digits that are part of the measurements are considered as _______

Scientific notation

simple way to write and keep track of very small or very large numbers without having to deal with a lot of zeros

Mass

amount of matter

Weight

pull of gravity

Volume

is the amount of occupied mass by an object ( L x W x H )

Density

how packed your matter is ( P = m/v )

Specific gravity

a dimensionless quantity that a density of a solid or liquid to that of water 4°C
Sp gr = density of solid or liquid

density of water

s.p = px/pw

Temperature

is the hotness or coldness
( notes raning sa ubos )
°F to °C = °C ( °F - 32 )/ 1.8

°C to °F = °F = ( °C x 1.8 )+ 32

°C to K = K = °C + 273.15

Systematic or determinate errors

• can be attributed to definite causes

• can be predicted and eliminated

Systematic or Determinate errors can be classified into :

• Operative errors

• Method errors

• Instrumental errors

• Random or indeterminate errors

• Gross errors

Mixtures

• are made up of two or more substances that are only combined physically and can be separated into their elements through simple physical means

• are composed of different pure substances that are physically combined in variable proportions

Compound

is composed of two or more elements combined chemically in definite proportions

Extensive or extrinsic properties

properties such as mass, length, size, and volume depend on the amount of matter.

Intensive or intrinsic properties

properties that depend on the type of matter, which include density, color, physical state, melting, boiling, and freezing points, and thermal conductivity

may also be used to identify a substance, for example, coal and diamond are both made of carbon but differ greatly in color and density

Matter

can be classified as pure substance or mixture

Element

simplest type of matter that is composed of only one kind of atom

Homogeneous mixtures

like saltwater and air, exist in a single phase, which means that the appearance, properties, and composition are uniform throughout a sample.

Solution

is a homogeneous mixture of substances and can be physically combined in varying proportions

Solution’s two ( 2 ) parts

• Solute

• Solvent

Solute

is the substance that gets dissolved

Solvent

is the one that does the dissolving, and usually present in larger quantity than the solute

Heterogeneous mixtures

are mixtures whose components are not evenly distributed in the simple and can thus be physically identified

Examples :

• oil-water mixture