Survey Into Forensic Science FS-110

WCU Dr. West

Greeks and Romans

First to use methods that were the basis for forensic science

“Forensic”

In the forum/ court

Cause of Death

The disease or injury that causes a disturbance in the body and results in death

Manner of Death

How the disease or injury led to death (the 5 manners of death)

5 Manners of Death

Natural, accidental, homicide, suicide, undetermined

First Degree Murder

Deliberate and premeditated

Voluntary Manslaughter

“Heat of the passion” with loss of control

Involuntary Manslaughter

Careless acts that unintentionally led to death

“Autopsia”

See for oneself

Criminalists

Scientists who use expertise to investigate, analyze, and solve crimes

Criminologists

Study crime and criminals to understand cause and effect of crime

Archimedes

Bath of water, density of “golden” crown

Ancient China

Bamboo records describing FS procedures, finger and palm prints as signatures

“Chien-yen”

Investigation of corpses

Shen Kuo

Made 5 volumes of FS procedures for Chinese officials, advocated for autopsies

Hsi yuan chi lu

The 5 volumes of FS procedures written by Shen Kuo

Heriphilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Chios

Greek physicians who increased understanding of various systems

Antisthenes

Physician who did the autopsy on Julius Caesar

Galen

Roman physician who did autopsies on animals and dead gladiators to understand human anatomy

Ibn Auhr

Spain, anatomist who did dissections and surgeries on animals before doing them on humans

Vesaluis

Renissance anatomist, “Father of Human Anatomy”, wrote “De Humani Corporis Fabrica”

Burke and Hare

Killed at least 16 people to have more corpses for public autopsies

Anatomy Act of 1832

Private donation and unclaimed bodies for autopsies

Johannes Hebenstreit

German scientist who wrote “Anthropologia Forensis”

George Parkman

Killed by Professor Webster, two anatomists made a biological profile and found his prosthetic implant of teeth

Oliver W. Holmes and Jeffery Wyman

Anatomists who helped solve the murder of George Parkman

Leeuwenhoek

Most advancements on the microscope, 270x, could see sperm

James Marsh

“Marsh Test” for arsenic

Mary Ann Cotton

Britian’s first serial killer with arsenic

Alphonse Bertillon

FS photography, mugshot, record-keeping system

Scotland Yard

Developed method for matching bullets to gun barrels

Henry Goddard

Bullet comparison to match bullet to the mold that made it

Dr. Calvin Goddard

Helped develop first significant institution for firearms (Bureau of Forensic Ballistics, NY)

Philip Gravelle

Comparison microscope

Frances Glessner Lee

“Mother of Forensic Investigators”, mini crime scenes

Malpighi

Identified fingerprints by ridges, spirals, and loops

William Herschel

India, fingerprints with contracts

Henry Faulds

Suggested that fingerprints could be used to identify people, published in “Nature” journal

Argentia

First fingerprint conviction location

Juan Vucetich

Developed first fingerprint database

Sir Francis Galton

1/64 billion chance of 2 identical prints, published book still used today

Sir Edward Henry

Expanded on Galton and used print system to identify criminals

Sir Alec Jeffreys

DNA typing

Emporer Agustus

Praetorian Guard in Ancient Rome

Louis XIV

Founded first centrally organized police force in 1667 for Paris

Gabriel de la Reynie

First Lieutenant General of Police

Henry Fielding

Bow Street Runners- paid to locate and arrest criminals

Sir Robert Peel

“Father of British policing”, bobbies and peelers

August Volmer and OW Wilson

Central in professionalizing the police force

Dr. Edmund Locard

Every contact leaves a trace

August Volmer

“Father of American Policing”, 1st crime lab and police school