Greeks and Romans
First to use methods that were the basis for forensic science
“Forensic”
In the forum/ court
Cause of Death
The disease or injury that causes a disturbance in the body and results in death
Manner of Death
How the disease or injury led to death (the 5 manners of death)
5 Manners of Death
Natural, accidental, homicide, suicide, undetermined
First Degree Murder
Deliberate and premeditated
Voluntary Manslaughter
“Heat of the passion” with loss of control
Involuntary Manslaughter
Careless acts that unintentionally led to death
“Autopsia”
See for oneself
Criminalists
Scientists who use expertise to investigate, analyze, and solve crimes
Criminologists
Study crime and criminals to understand cause and effect of crime
Archimedes
Bath of water, density of “golden” crown
Ancient China
Bamboo records describing FS procedures, finger and palm prints as signatures
“Chien-yen”
Investigation of corpses
Shen Kuo
Made 5 volumes of FS procedures for Chinese officials, advocated for autopsies
Hsi yuan chi lu
The 5 volumes of FS procedures written by Shen Kuo
Heriphilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Chios
Greek physicians who increased understanding of various systems
Antisthenes
Physician who did the autopsy on Julius Caesar
Galen
Roman physician who did autopsies on animals and dead gladiators to understand human anatomy
Ibn Auhr
Spain, anatomist who did dissections and surgeries on animals before doing them on humans
Vesaluis
Renissance anatomist, “Father of Human Anatomy”, wrote “De Humani Corporis Fabrica”
Burke and Hare
Killed at least 16 people to have more corpses for public autopsies
Anatomy Act of 1832
Private donation and unclaimed bodies for autopsies
Johannes Hebenstreit
German scientist who wrote “Anthropologia Forensis”
George Parkman
Killed by Professor Webster, two anatomists made a biological profile and found his prosthetic implant of teeth
Oliver W. Holmes and Jeffery Wyman
Anatomists who helped solve the murder of George Parkman
Leeuwenhoek
Most advancements on the microscope, 270x, could see sperm
James Marsh
“Marsh Test” for arsenic
Mary Ann Cotton
Britian’s first serial killer with arsenic
Alphonse Bertillon
FS photography, mugshot, record-keeping system
Scotland Yard
Developed method for matching bullets to gun barrels
Henry Goddard
Bullet comparison to match bullet to the mold that made it
Dr. Calvin Goddard
Helped develop first significant institution for firearms (Bureau of Forensic Ballistics, NY)
Philip Gravelle
Comparison microscope
Frances Glessner Lee
“Mother of Forensic Investigators”, mini crime scenes
Malpighi
Identified fingerprints by ridges, spirals, and loops
William Herschel
India, fingerprints with contracts
Henry Faulds
Suggested that fingerprints could be used to identify people, published in “Nature” journal
Argentia
First fingerprint conviction location
Juan Vucetich
Developed first fingerprint database
Sir Francis Galton
1/64 billion chance of 2 identical prints, published book still used today
Sir Edward Henry
Expanded on Galton and used print system to identify criminals
Sir Alec Jeffreys
DNA typing
Emporer Agustus
Praetorian Guard in Ancient Rome
Louis XIV
Founded first centrally organized police force in 1667 for Paris
Gabriel de la Reynie
First Lieutenant General of Police
Henry Fielding
Bow Street Runners- paid to locate and arrest criminals
Sir Robert Peel
“Father of British policing”, bobbies and peelers
August Volmer and OW Wilson
Central in professionalizing the police force
Dr. Edmund Locard
Every contact leaves a trace
August Volmer
“Father of American Policing”, 1st crime lab and police school