APUSH Chapter 16

Protective Tariff

A tax placed on imported goods for the purpose of raising thee price of imports as high as or higher than the prices for the sane item reduced within the nation.

Homestead Act

Law passed by congress in 1862 that promised ownership of 160 acres of public land to any citizen who lived on and cultivated the land for 5 years.

Land-Grant College Act (1862)

Act of Congress that gave land to states to be used to fund public universities that were to offer courses in engineering and agriculture and to train military officers.

University of Missouri Columbia (Mizzou)

What was the first Land-Grant College?

Agriculture

The expanding and industrializing economy rested on what base?

Improved Transportation

What speeded the expansion of agriculture by making it possible to move agricultural produce over long distances.

Iron an steel

Agricultural expansion stimulated the farm equipment industry and in turn the ___ _and industry?__

1869- connected CA to Omaha, NE

When and where was the first transcontinental railroad completed?

The federal government

Who funded the expansion of railroads very generously?

Pacific Railroad Act

Act of Congress in 1862 that gave loans and land to the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad companies to subsidize construction of a rail line between Omaha and the Pacific Coast

Chicago

What midwestern city emerged as a center for railroads both regionally and nationally? Also made it a center for mail-order sales.

Railroads

The expansion of created the potential for a nationwide market, stimulated the economic development of the West, and created a demand for iron, steel, locomotives, and similar products.

Railroads

What was the first big business to seek investors nationally and internationally?

Investment bankers

Who railroad executives often turn to to fund construction?

J.P. Morgan

Most prominent and powerful American investment banker. Often demanded a seat on the board of directors to guard against risky decisions in the future.

Andrew Carnegie

In 1875, used a loan from J.P. Morgan’s father to construct the nation’s largest steel plant.

Andrew Carnegie

Who used vertical integration to beat out his competition?

Vertical Integration

The process of bringing together into a single company several of the activities involved in creating a manufactured product.

Social Darwinism

The philosophical argument that competition in human society produced “the survival of the fittest” and therefore benefitted society as a whole.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie’s idea that the very rich should spend or disburse their wealth to help people help themselves.

John D. Rockefeller

Who used horizontal integration to beat out his competition?

Horizontal Integration

Merging one or more companies doing the same or similar activities as a way of limiting competition.

Standard Oil

John D. Rockefeller’s massive Oil company which primarily refined kerosene

Creating the Standard Oil Trust

How did John D. Rockefeller and his associates centralize decision making?

Thomas Edison

American Inventor who created the lightbulb and phonograph

New South

Term used by some southerners to promote the idea that the South should become industrialized, have a more diverse agricultural focus, and be throughly integrated into the economy of the nation. Promoted a more diverse economic bases.

Henry Grady

Leading proponent of the concept of a New South.

Guns and horses

What two things did settlers introduce to Native Americans that changed the natives culture and way of life drastically?

Horse Culture

Nomadic way of life of those native Americans mostly on the Great Plains for whom the horse brought significant changes in their ability to hunt, travel, and make war.

Lakotas

Large confederation of Sioux-speaking Indian peoples, nomadic buffalo hunters who lived on the northern Great Plains.

Medicine Lodge Treaties and Fort Laramie Treaty

What were the two treaties that natives ‘signed’ which set aside reservations for themselves?

William Sherman and Philip Sheridan

American generals who went to war against ant natives revisiting relocation?

Crazy Horse

Lakota war leader who resisted white encroachment in the Black Hills and fought at Little Big Horn

Sitting Bull

Lakota war leader

Great Sioux War

War between the U.S. Army and the tribes that took part in the Battle of Little Bighorn; it ended in 1881 with the surrender of Sitting Bull

Little Bighorn River

River in MT where in 1876, Lt.Col. George Custer attacked a large Indian encampment. Custer and most of his force died in battle.

Chief Joseph

New Perce chief who led hi people in an attempt to escape Canada in 1877; after a grueling journey, they were forced to surrender and were exiled to Indian territory.

Ghost Dance

Indian religion centered on a ritual dace; it held out the promise of an Indian messiah who would banish the whites, bring back the buffalo, and restore the land to the Indians.

Wounded Knee Creek

Site of a conflict in 1890 between a band of Lakotas and U.S. troops, Indians massacred. Last major encounter between Indians and the U.S. Army

Chinese

What group of immigrants contributed significantly to the construction of railroads?

Bring cattle to the Midwest markets for trains

What was the purpose of cattle drives?

1890s

When did cattle drives end?

Railroads

In the wake of , cattle raising, mining, farming, and lumbering all expanded rapidly.

Lumber

What natural resource was harvested in the northwest?

Reclamation Act

Law passed by Congress in 1902 that provided funding for the irrigation of western lands and created the Reclamation Service to oversee it.

Sierra Club

Environmental Organization formed in 1892; now dedicated to preserving and expanding parks, wildlife, and wilderness areas.

San Francisco

What city emerged as a metropolis of the west-commercial, financial, and manufacturing center for the region.

Financial Panic

Widespread anxiety about financial and commercial matters; in a panic, investors often sold large amounts of stock to cut their own losses, which drove prices much lower. Banks often called in their loans, forcing investors to sell assets at reduced prices, further driving down the stock prices.

J.P. Morgan buys out Andrew Carnegie and forms United States Steel- first billion dollar corporation

Best example of the merger movement that resulted from the economic depression from 1893-1897

1. Make the industry stable so that investments would yield predictable dividends
2. Make the industry efficient and productive so that dividends would be high.

What two things did investment bankers seek in reorganizing an industry?