BPSC 104 Lecture 8 (Secondary Growth)

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Primary growth is produced by __.

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  • Apical meristem (shoot and root)

  • Axillary meristem (axillary bud)

(Think how a → o)

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Primary growth results in ____.

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Increased shoot and root length

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52 Terms

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Primary growth is produced by __.

  • Apical meristem (shoot and root)

  • Axillary meristem (axillary bud)

(Think how a → o)

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Primary growth results in ____.

Increased shoot and root length

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What are plants with ONLY primary growth called?

Herbaceous plants

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What are plants with BOTH primary AND secondary growth called?

Woody plants

(Wood has width = secondary growth)

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Secondary growth is produced by ___.

Lateral meristem

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Types of lateral meristem

  • Vascular cambium

  • Cork cambium

(Producers of secondary growth)

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What does the vascular cambium (type of lateral meristem) produce?

  • Secondary xylem = wood

  • Secondary phloem - part of bark

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What does the cork cambium (type of lateral meristem) produce?

  • Periderm - most of bark

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Sexual Reproduction (Advantages)

Most plants reproduce sexually

Advantages to the species

  • Genetic variation among offspring

  • May be more adapted to the habitat than parents

  • Increased chance of survival in different (changing environments)

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Sexual Reproduction (Disadvantages)

  • Often requires two parents to reproduce

  • Requires a mechanism of pollen transfer

  • Expensive rproductive structures

  • Offspring may be less adapted to the habitat

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Plant life cycles (sexual reproduction)

The plant life cycle consists of alternating haploid and diploid generations

Haploid = 1N = Gametophyte

Diploid = 2N = Sporophyte

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Life cycles: Animals

  • Alternate between haploid and diploid

    • Short-lived unicellular haploid phase (gametes)

    • Diploid phase is longer-lived and multicellualr

  • Meiosis results in production of gametes

  • Gametes fuse immediately to restore the diploid state

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Meiosis in plants produces ____?

Spores

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Spores

  • Haploid cells

  • Divide by mitosis to produce a mulicellular haploid organism (gametophyte)

  • Haploid organism forms gametes by mitosis

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Gametes

  • Fuse to form diploid zygote

  • Zygote divides by mitosis to form a multicellualr diploid organism (sporophyte)

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Alternation of generations

multicellular haploid phase alternates with a multicellular diploid phase

1N alternates with 2N

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Sporophyte

Diploid generation is multicellular

  • Produces sproes

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Gametophyte

haploid generation is also multicellular

  • Produces gametes

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<p>Alternation of Generations</p>

Alternation of Generations

see

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Plant life cycle (evolution)

  • During the course of evolutionary time

    • The Gametophyte (haploid) has been reduced in size and significance

      • Leads to smaller plant

    • The Sporophyte (diploid) has increased in size and significance

      • Leads to larger plant

  • Embrophyta (land plants) are distinctive in having protection for the embryo in the sporophyte generation

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In evolution there was ____?

A shift from gametophyte-dominant life cycles to sporophyte - dominant life cycles

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Gametophyte dominant life cycle → Sporophyte dominant

  • Bryophytes, gametophytes is:

    • Nutritionally independent

    • Larger, longer lived than the sporophtye

    • The sporophyte depends on the gametophyte for nutrition

  • In vascular plants, sporophyte is:

    • Nutritionally independent

    • Larger and longer lived than the gametophyte

    • The gametophyte depends on the sporophyte for nutrition

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Angiosperm (flowering plant)

  • 450,000 species

  • Extremely diverse

    • Monocots, eudicots and more

    • Have dominated land for more than 100 million years

    • Most are free living, and quite a few are parasitic for mycoherterotrophic

  • the plant we see is the sporophyte

    • Gametophyte is highly reduced

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Distinctive characteristics of angiosperms

  • flowers

  • fruits

  • Double fertilization

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Flowers are formed by ____?

Shoot apical/axillary meristems

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Types of shoot apical/axillary meristems

  • Vegetative meristems are indeterminate

  • Floral meristems are determinate

    • Produce floral organs and gaemtes

  • When a plant produces, shoot meristems switch from produces leaves to reproductive organs

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Flowers are usually arranged in clusters called ___?

Inflorescences

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Inflorescences

differ in number and arrangement of branches, the arrangement of flowers on the branches, etc.

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Examples of Inflorescences

Panicle

Spike

Raceme

Corymb

Simple umbel

Compound umbel

Head

Catkin

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<p>Whorls (4 types of organs on flowers)</p>

Whorls (4 types of organs on flowers)

Whorl 1 - Sepals

Whorl 2 - Petals

Whorl 3 - Stamens

Whorl 4 - Carpels

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Parts of a flower

  • Pedicel

    • Attaches flower to main stem

  • Receptacle

    • Site of attachemnt of four floral whorls

  • Sepals (calyx)

    • Petals (corolla)

      • Both of these make up the Perianth

  • Stamens

    • Filaments, anthers

  • Carpels (pistil)

    • Stigma, style, ovary

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Complete flower

Has all 4 whorls

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Incomplete flower

does not have all 4 whorls

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Flower Structure is variable

Perfect flowers - have stamens and carpels (bisexual)

Imperfect flowers - lack stems or carpels (unisexual)

  • Can be monoecious or dioecious

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Monoescious (“single house”) (Imperfect flower)

  • Single sex male and female flowers occur on the same plants

  • Squashes are an example

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Dioecious (“two houses”) (Imperfect flowers)

  • Male and female flowers are on different plants

  • Papaya is an example

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The outer floral organs are ____?

Nonreproductive (sterile)

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Outerfloral organs

  • Sepals (calyx)

  • Petals (corolla

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<p>Sepals (calyx) (outer floral organs)</p>

Sepals (calyx) (outer floral organs)

  • outer whorl

  • Protect other floral organs in the bud

  • Maintain humidity

  • May be photosynthetic or pigmented like petals

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<p>Petals (corolla) (outer floral organs)</p>

Petals (corolla) (outer floral organs)

  • Pigmented (visible light, UV)

  • Thin and delicate

  • Attract pollinators

    • May have markings (nectar guides) to orient pollinators

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Stamen (parts)

  • Filament

  • Anthers

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Filament (part of stamen)

stalk to elevate anthers

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Anthers (part of stamen)

produce pollen

  • Meiosis occurs in anthers (meiosis prod spores)

  • Produces 4 haploid spores (microspoes) that develop into pollen

  • Pollen has tough, resistant, “sculptured” wall

(When spores are male, we call them microspores)

When spores are female, we call them megaspores)

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Pollen

male gametophyte and produces the sperm cells

  • Meiosis in anthers produces microspores

  • Each microspore divides to form:

    • Tube cell

    • Generative cell

    • Male gametophyte

  • Pollen will grow a tube through the carpel to reach the female gamete

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Pistil (female part)

  • Composed of one or more carpels

    • Separate or fused

  • Carpel/pistil consists of:

    • Stigma

    • Style

    • Ovary

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Stigma (carpel part)

upper surface of the pistil

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Style (carpel part)

stalk to elevate stigma

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Ovary (carpel part)

produces ovules

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Megaspore (in ovule) develops into ___?

Female gametophyte (know the process)

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Pollination

transfer of pollen to the stigma

Pollen is transferred many ways

  • Animals (birds, insects, bats…)

  • Wind

    • Pollen carried by wind is what causes allergies

  • Self pollination

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Pollination does not always lead to fertilization because __?

Specific signals and interactions between the pollen and the pistil tissues are required for:

  • Pollen to germinate on the stigma

  • Pollen tube to grow through the style of the ovary

  • Sperm cell to be released into the ovule

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