lab 7: hematology

What antigen is present on the red blood cells of a person with blood type A?

A

What antibody is found in the plasma of someone with blood type B?

Anti A

Which blood type has no A or B antigens on the surface of red blood cells?

type o

What antibodies are present in the plasma of a person with blood type O?

Both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

Which blood type is considered the universal donor and why?

O, because it has no antigens on its cell membrane

What antigens are present on the red blood cells of a person with type AB blood?

Both A and B antigens

Why is blood type AB considered the universal recipient?

Because it has no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in the plasma, so it can receive blood from any type without immune reaction.

What causes agglutination in blood?

Agglutination occurs when antibodies in the plasma bind to specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells, resulting in clumping.

How many red blood cells can one antibody bind to at the same time?

Two; each antibody can bind to two antigens at a time, allowing it to link two red blood cells together.

What is the purpose of a blood typing test?

To determine which antigens (A, B, Rh) are present on the surface of a patient's red blood cells.

What three types of antibodies are used in a blood typing test kit?

Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-D (Rh) antibodies.

What is added to each well on the blood typing card during the test?

A drop of the patient's blood and a drop of a specific antibody solution (anti-A, anti-B, or anti-D).

What does no agglutination in any of the wells indicate?

That the blood is type O negative (no A, B, or Rh antigens).

what is hemostasis in blood ?

the process of keeping blod withinthe vessels by repairing breaks without compromising the fluidity of the blood

what is fibrin ?

a protein that comprises threads in the blood clot

what is thrombin

an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

what does blood provide a transport medium for ?

nutrients like O2, CO2, amino acids, sugars, lipids

hormones

antibodies: secreted from lymphocytes

waste products

which system is WBC part of ?

immune defense system

Describe neutrophils

phagocytose bacteria

multi lobed nucleus, chain of pearls

pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules

50-70% of WBCS

Describe eosinophils

destroy parasites

bi lobed nuclues

red cytoplamsic granules

1-6% of WBCs

Describe basophils

causes vasodilation

bi-lobed nuclues

purplish-black cytoplasmic granules

0.5% of WBCs

Describe monocytes

move from the blood into tissues where they are known as macrophages

phagocytose bacteria

large cell

kidney shaped nucleus

abundant pale cytoplasm

What is a B lymphocyte?

short lived, mature in bone marrow, produce antibodies to bacteria and viruses

what is T lymphocytes

long lived, matured in thymus, infected cells, and cancer cells

have large spherical nucleus and thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm small to medium sized cell

What is hematocrit?

ratio of volume of packed red blood cells to total blood volume a percentage

What tool is used to manually count red blood cells?

hemocytometer

Why is blood diluted before counting RBCs, and what was the dilution factor used?

Blood is diluted to make cell counting easier; the dilution factor used was 1:200.

How many squares were actually counted on the hemocytometer?

5 representative squares

Why do we multiply the RBC count by 5 after counting cells in 5 squares?

To estimate the total count for all 25 squares.

What gives hemoglobin its red color?

iron

What device is used to measure hemoglobin concentration?

a hemocue

How does the HemoCue determine hemoglobin concentration?

It measures the intensity of the red color of the blood sample and compares it to standards of known hemoglobin concentrations.

What does a more intense red color indicate in a hemoglobin test?

A higher hemoglobin concentration