Psychology exam

Beliefs and feelings about objects, people, and events that can affect how people behave in certain situations

Attitudes

People acquiring attitudes through observationEx) teen adopts the ways of dressing, talking, or acting of a popular peer

Observational Learning

People evaluate evidence and form beliefs on the basis of their evaluation

Cognitive Evaluation

A direct attempt to influence other people's attitudes or views

Persuasion

Uses evidence and logical arguments to persuade people* all about the message

Central Route

Attempts to associate objects, people, or events with positive or negative cues*all about the messenger

Peripheral Route

Persuade by arousing such feelings as loyalty, admiration, desire, jealousy, or fear rather than convincing through evidence and logicEx) sad shelter commercial

Emotional Appeals

People having no trouble turning down request to buy products or services

Sales Resistance

Unfair treatment of individuals because they are members of a particular group

Discrimination

Exaggerating differences, justifying economic status, social learning, victimization, scapegoating

Causes of prejudice

Blaming an individual or group for problems of others because the real cause is too complex or powerful

Scapegoating

Ways in which people perceive one another

Social Perception

The tendency for people to form opinions of others on the basis of 1st impressions

Primacy Effect

People change their opinions of others on the basis of recent interactions

Recency Effect

To overestimate the effect of dispositional causes for another person's behavior, and to underestimate situational causes* overestimate personality and underestimate circumstances

Fundamental Attribution Error

Serving Bias

Self

The mere presence of others will bring out your dominant response

Social Facilitation

When your trying to impress someone your dominant response comes out

Evaluation Apprehension

When people work together towards a common goal rather tan working on an individual task, they may "slack off" and not try as hard

Social Loafing

The tendency for people to feel less responsible for accomplishing a task when the effort is shared among members of a group

Diffusion of Responsibility

You are more willing to take more of a risk when you are in a group

Risky Shift

When it is split 2

First Shift Scheme

When one gets involved in a group one's feelings and attitudes become stronger

Polarization

One who exerts absolute control over all decisions for the group

Authoritarian Leaders

Faire Leaders

Laissez

The standard behavior that people shareEx) saying please and thank you

Social Norms

Asch asked participants to indicate which of the three lines was the same length as the standard line. 4 confederates would say the wrong line and the subject would usually conform with them even though it was wrong.

Asch Study of Conformity

Tell's subject one learns better with punishment so every time the "student" gets answer wrong shock them and increase voltage every time. 60

Milgram's Study of Obedience

Socialization, foot

Four Ideas Why People Obey

Caused by genetics or hormones*aggression allows for survival and reproduction

Biological View of Aggression

Aggressive feeling/impulses are natural to your everyday life. Even to the point of hurting someone else. A catharsis is the best way to deal with aggression

Psychanalytic View of Aggression

Aggressive behavior is influenced by people's values, perceptions, and choices. People act aggressively because they believe that aggression is justified and necessary either in general or particular situations. All motives of aggression require thought

Cognitive View of Aggression

When aggressive behavior is reinforced, people learn to behave aggressively.

Learning View of Aggression

Unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Altruism

People are less likely to give aid when others are present

Bystander Effect

when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

Change Blindness

A type of learning that involves stimulus

Conditioning

A simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth the response that is usually called forth by another stimulus

Classical Conditioning

Something that produces a reaction

Stimulus

Reaction to a stimulus

Response

Interested in the relationship between the nervous system and digestion. He knew a dog would salivate if meat was placed on their tongue. He found the dog would start to salivate when hearing the clinking of food trays. He tested to train dogs to salivate in response to any stimulus he chose

Ivan Pavlov and His Study

Does not cause a responseEx) bell for Pavlov dog study before conditioning

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Causes an automatic response that is not learnedEx) smell of food for Pavlov dog study

Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)

An automatic response to USEx) salivate at food for Pavlov dog study

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A learned stimulusEx) ring of the bell for Pavlov dog study after conditioning

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutralEx) salivate after hearing the ring of a bell for Pavlov dog study

Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned avoidance of a particular foodEx) Jurg and coconut

Taste Aversion

John B. Watson wanted to test if humans could be classically conditioned, so he did an experiment on Little Albert to condition him to be scared of anything furry. Watson first introduced Albert to quite a few different animals and found Albert liked the white mouse the best. He then would hit a metal object every time Albert would reach for the mouse causing him to cry and associate that fear with anything furry

John B. Watson and Albert B. (Little Albert) Study

When a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned conditioned stimulus it eventually loses the ability to bring about a conditioned response

Extinction

Organisms sometimes display responses that were extinguished earlier

Spontaneous Recovery

The act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem similarEx) Little Albert with the mouse and everything furry

Stimulus Generalization

The act of responding differently to stimuli that are similar to each other

Stimulus Discrimination

Tested operant conditioning on pigeons and mice. He put them in a box and would award them with either food or stop the shocking if they did what he wanted them to do

B.F. Skinner

People and animals learn to do certain things and not to do others because of the results of what they do

Operant Conditioning

The introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behaviorEx) the pigeon pecking at the bottom to receive food

Positive Reinforcement

Something uncomfortable or unpleasant is taken away in response to stimulusEx) the rat pushing the lever to stop the shock

Negative Reinforcement

Unwanted events that are unpleasant

Punishment

Reinforcement \___________ a behavior

Strengthens

Punishment \______________ a behavior

Weakens or Eliminates

Placed a pigeon in a box and used positive reinforcement when it pecked a button. Placed a rat in a box and used negative reinforcement when it pressed down a leaver

Skinner Box

Tested observational learning. He had a woman beat up Bobo the clown study when a kid was watching. He then stuck the kid in a room with Bobo and the kid beat it up

Albert Bandura and His Bono the Clown Study

Learning by watching and imitating the behavior of other

Observational Learning

response cycle is too simplistic

Stimulus

Behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with ability to cope with life

Psychological Disorder

General state of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to a vague or imagined danger

Anxiety Disorder

Symptoms of psychological disorders

Typicality, Maladaptivity, Emotional Discomfort, Socially Unacceptable Behavior

What is the DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Compulsive and Related Disorders, Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders, Dissociative Disorder Disorders, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Elimination Disorders, Sleep Wake Disorders, Gender Dysphoria, Substance Use and Addictive Disorders, Neurocognitive Disorders, Personality Disorders, Paraphilic Disorders

Schizophrenia, Bipolar and Related Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive

Symptoms of social anxiety disorder

Public Speaking, Eating in Public, Dating

Symptoms of separation anxiety disorder

Recurrent and excessive anguish about being away from loved ones, nausea or stomach aches, refusing to be away from home, repeated nightmares about separation

Symptoms of selective mutism

Shy, nervous, stiff, clingy, quite

Contamination obsessions with cleaning compulsion, symmetry obsession with ordering compulsion, obsession without visible compulsion, harm obsession with checking compulsion

Symptoms of OCD

Symptoms of hoarding disorder

They cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning including maintaining a safe environment for other

Symptoms of PTSD

experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions or mood, arousal

Symptoms of dissociative identity disorder

Memory loss of certain time periods, a sense of being detached from yourself and your emotions, a blurred sense of identity, perception of the people and things around you are distorted and unreal

Symptoms of illness anxiety disorder

Restlessness, fatigue, excessive anxiety and worry, increased muscle aches and soreness, impaired concentration, irritability, difficulty sleeping

Symptoms of depression

Depressed mood or irritability, decreased interest or pleasure, significant weight change or change in appetite, change in sleep, change in activity, fatigue or loss of energy, guilt/worthlessness, concentration, suicidal

Symptoms of bipolar I disorder

Going from extreme depression to high mania

Symptoms of bipolar II disorder

Going from depression to mania

Symptoms of schizophrenia

Delusion, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behaviors

Humans being can be boiled down to sex and aggression. He believes people's problems originate from early childhood experiences and inner conflicts

Freud

Iceberg model

Conscious level on the surface(thoughts and perceptions) middle layer is subconscious level (memories and stored knowledge) bottom layer is unconscious level (fears, violent motives, irrational wishes, immoral urges, shameful experiences, selfish needs)

The therapist replaces a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response

Aversive Conditioning

Helps those with bipolar disorder but it only works up to 10

Lithium

a cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder*your logic is good and rational but your assumptions are not

Rational Emotive Therapy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Token Economy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction

Group Therapy

What are some types of counterconditioning

Unlearning undesirable behaviors through aversive conditioning, modeling, exposure therapy, flooding, systematic desensitization

Antipsychotic drugs

Seroquel, risperdal, abilify, buspar

Antidepressants

Elavil, Wellbutrin

Anti anxiety drugs

Zoloft, Paxil, Prozac, lexapro

Most types of therapy work for what?

Anxiety, PTSD, depression. Not good for bipolar or schizophrenia

Your assumption are good but you logic isn't

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

electroconvulsive therapy. Shoots electric currents through the brain. Recommended to those with severe depression who don't respond to medicines

ECT

Psychotropic drugs are used in which version of therapy?

Biological Therapy (drug therapy)

Help people with psychological problems. Work in hospitals, prisons, clinics at school, private practices

Clinical Psychologist

Treats people with adjustment problems. Works in business, university counsel centers

Counseling Psychologist

Identify and help students who have difficulties learning

School Psychologist

Deal with people's behaviors in social situations. Works as researchers and professors at college/university

Social Psychologist

Conduct experimental research on the brain

Experimental Psychologist (Biological psychologist)