Science Olympiad Anatomy and Physiology - #1

Dendrite

Receive stimulus and carries it impulses toward the cell body.{}Cell Body with nucleus

-mechanism, potassium and sodium pump{}synapse

-junction between neurons

-the neurons do not actually tough at the synapse

-neurotransmitters used to restart impulse in dendrite of 2nd neuron{}neurotransmitters

-chemicals in the junction which allow impulses to be started in the second neuron{}brain

-brain stem

-diencephalon

-cerebellem

-cerebrum{}spine

know these terms:

-spinal cord{}lobes of the cerebrum

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital{}special regions (of the brain)

-higher levels associated with anxiety, diease, feelings of sparation, fight or flight{}brain waves patterns - alpha

-relaxation, superlearning, relaxed focus, light trance, increased serontonin production

-pre-sleep, pre-walking drowsiness, mediation, beginning of access to unconscious mind{}brain waves patterns - theta

-dreaming sleep (REM sleep)

-increased production pf catecholamines, increased creativity

-integrative, emotional experiences, potential change in behavior, increased retention of learned material

-hypnagogic imagery, trance, deep mediation, access to unconscious mind{}delta

-dreamless sleep

-human growth hormone released

-deep, trance-like, non-physical state, loss of body awareness

-access to unconscious and "collective unconscious" mind, greatest "push" to brain when induced with Holosync{}cranial nerves

-12 pair

-attached to undersurface of brain{}spinal nerves

-31 pair

-attached to spinal cord{}autonomic nervous system

-regulates bodies involuntary responses

-two divisions:

--sympathetic (emergency response, fight or flight)

--parasympathetic (normal everyday conditions){}major sense organs

-visions (eye)

-hearing (ear)

-taste (taste receptors)

-smell (olfactory system)

-skin (hot, cold, pressure, pain){}taste buds

-top of nasal cavity

-extremely sensitive

-easily fatigued

-much of "taste" involves smell{}chemical receptors

chemical receptors:

-sweet

-sour

-bitter

-salty

-MSG{}senses in skin

-heat

-cold

-light pressure

-heavy pressure

-pain{}disorders of the nervous systems

-epilepsy

-seizures

-alzheimer's disease

-multiple sclerosis

-parkinson's disease

-shingles (herpes zoster)

-cerebral palsy

-glaucoma

-pink eye (conjunctivities){}effects of drugs

-alcohol

-caffeine

-nicotine

-marijuana{}basic processes of the digestive system

-ingenstion (intake of food)

-digestion (breakdown of food):

--mechanical - physical breakdown

--chemical - chemical breakdown of macromolecules to monomers

-absorption (transport of the products of digestion into the blood

-defecation - elimination of undigested waste{}organs of digestive tract

-mouth

-pharynx

-esphagus

-stomach

-small intestine

-large intestine

-anus{}mouth

where food is mechanically broken down (by teeth) and chemically broken down (amylase in saliva){}pharynx

-Salivary Glands

-Liver

-Gall Bladder

-Pancreas{}Salivary Glands

Secrete salivary amylase{}Liver

AMINO ACIDS for protein

NUCLEOTIDES for nucleic acids

FATTY ACIDS for lipiids{}Disorders of the digestive system

-Stomach and duodenal ulcers

-Cancers of the digestive system

-Diarrhea

-Lactose Intolerance

-Hepatitis

-Crohn's Disease

-GERD

-Diverticular Disease

-Celiac Disease{}Insoluble fiber

-a type of fiber which cannot be dissolved in water

-insoluble fiber draws water to the intestine, increasing the bulk and softness of waste products{}Soluble fiber

can be digested slowly and it slows the digestive process and keeps the stomach fuller longer leaving the body feeling full for a longer period of time{}GFR

-Urinary tract infections (UTI)

-Glomerular Disorders

-Renal Failure (Acute or Chronic)

-Treatment for Renal Failure

-Incontinence, Prostatitis, BPH (national){}Sensory Neurons

bring messages to the CNS{}Motor Neurons

people can't eat gluten (a protein found in wheat, rye, and barly){}Diarrhea

loose, watery, and frequent stools or bowl movements - prolonged it can cause dehydration{}Lactose Intolerance

-receives 20-25% of arterial blood{}Homestatic device (in kidney)

regulates composition of blood{}Filtration process (in kidney)

-removes redisue from toxins drugs, turns urea and uric acid to pee, regulates pH of blood.{}Ureter

carries pee to bladder{}Bladder