NC STANDARDS- Enzymes

North Carolina EOC examination review,

Enzyme

Biological catalyst - special type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions

Activation Energy

The amount of energy needed to start a reaction

Denaturated

This is caused by extreme temperatures and pH's - bonds are disrupted in the enzyme and it loses its shape and can no longer speed up reactions

Substrate

The reactants of a chemical reaction that fit in the active site of the enzyme.

Specific

Enzymes only catalyze ONE reaction - the active site fits with only one substrate.

Reusable

Enzymes are not a reactant or a product - they are able to be used again.

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

By lowering the activation energy

Catalyst

Speed up chemical reactions

Lactase

An enzyme that breaks down lactose.

Lactose

A disaccacharide found in milk - substrate that fits in the active site of lactase.

Sucrose

A disaccharide found in table sugar - substrate that fits in the active site of sucrase.

Sucrase

An enzyme that breaks down sucrose.

Glucose and Fructose

Products when sucrose is broken down.

Glucose and Galactose

Products when lactose is broken down.

Factors that affect Enzyme Activity

pH, temperature, and concentration of enzyme or substrate

Lock & Key

the concept that enzymes and substrate fit perfectly with each other

Ways to measure the rate of a reaction

Amount of product being made or the amount of substrates used up over time

Active Site

Specific part of an enzyme where a substrate fits

Lock and Key Model

Enzymes and substrates fit together based on their specific shapes like a key fits a lock

Enzyme Substrate Complex

When the enzyme and substrate are locked together during a chemical reaction

pH, Temperature, and Concentration

Three factors that affect enzyme activity

Acid

ph between 0-7

Base (alkaline)

pH between 7-14

Neutral

pH of 7

Optimal temperature

Temperature at which enzyme works the best

Denature

Change in shape of an enzyme due to extremes in temperature of pH, causes the enzymes to stop functioning

Protein

Type of organic molecule an enzyme is

Names of Enzymes

Based on their substrates, ends in "-ase" (example: lipid-lipase, protein-protease, lactose-lactase)

Remains unchanged

Characteristics of an enzyme after catalyzing a chemical reaction

Concentration

How much of a substance is present, high concentration=more, low concentration= less

Optimal pH

pH at which an enzyme works best