Chapter 3: Mass-Mole-Particle Relationships

Mass

Amount of matter in grams.

Mole

Unit for amount of substance, 6.022 x 10²³ particles.

Particle

Smallest unit of a substance, can be atom or molecule.

Conversion Factor

Ratio used to convert between units.

Molar Mass

Mass of one mole of a substance in grams.

Avogadro's Number

6.022 x 10²³, number of particles in a mole.

Stoichiometry

Calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

Limiting Reactant

Reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction.

Excess Reactant

Reactant that remains after the reaction is complete.

Percent Composition

Percentage by mass of each element in a compound.

Empirical Formula

Simplest whole number ratio of elements in a compound.

Molecular Formula

Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

Theoretical Yield

Maximum amount of product expected from a reaction.

Actual Yield

Amount of product actually obtained from a reaction.

Percent Yield

Actual yield divided by theoretical yield, times 100.

Glucose

C₆H₁₂O₆, a simple sugar used for energy.

Ammonium Sulfate

Chemical compound (NH₄)₂SO₄, used in fertilizers.

Benzene

C₆H₆, a known carcinogen and organic compound.

Iron (III) Carbonate

Fe₂(CO₃)₃, a compound with iron and carbonate ions.

Combustion Reaction

Chemical reaction where a substance combines with oxygen.

Haber-Bosch Process

Industrial method for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Chemical Equation

Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.

Glucose Molar Mass

180.18 g/mol, mass of one mole of glucose.

Ammonium Sulfate Molar Mass

132.16 g/mol, mass of one mole of ammonium sulfate.

C4H10

Butane, a hydrocarbon used as fuel.

Molecule Count

Total number of molecules calculated from mass.

Mole Calculation

Conversion from grams to moles using molar mass.

Stoichiometric Coefficients

Numbers in front of compounds in a balanced equation.

Molecular Weight

Sum of atomic weights in a molecular formula.

Subscripts in Chemical Formula

Indicate the number of atoms of each element.