Lecture Notes on Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology

Flashcards generated from anthropology, psychology, and sociology lecture notes.

Is body language important to humans?

Yes, it expresses communication, emotions, and intentions.

What is reflexivity?

It is the practice of reflecting on worldviews and their impact on culture.

What do physical anthropologists do?

Human physical development of ancestors and primates.

What is material culture?

Physical objects that humans create with meaning.

What did Franz Boas say about judging culture?

it is based on the standards of another culture.

What is the main way in which humans acquire culture and learn from one another?

Social learning, like language and communication.

What did Jane Goodall do?

Revolutionized primatology by studying chimps and tool usage.

Who is Margaret Mead?

Anthropologist who explored cultural differences and gender roles.

Who are The Leakeys?

Louis, Mary, and Richard; they discovered fossils that shaped human evolution.

What is Ethnology?

Studies and compares cultures to understand similarities, differences, and patterns.

What is psychology?

Study of mind and behavior, how people think, act, and feel.

What is perception?

How we interpret things like sights, sounds, and smells, shaping experiences.

What social scientist linked personality with bodily functions?

Sigmund Freud

Who popularized introvert & extrovert personalities?

Carl Jung - introvert: inward; extrovert: outward

What is the bystander effect?

Tendency for people to take less action in helping someone publicly due to diffusion of responsibility.

What is positive punishment & positive reinforcement?

Positive punishment: unfavorable consequence to reduce behavior; positive reinforcement: reward to encourage behavior.

What is conditioned stimulus? (classical conditioning)

Neutral stimulus that triggers a response (e.g., bell = school).

What is neutral stimulus?

Stimulus that initially has no effect before unconditioned stimulus.

According to the CPA-code of ethics, should psychologists harm a client?

No, the code of ethics provides an ethical outline.

Who studied operant conditioning? What is it?

B.F. Skinner; learning through rewards/punishment for behavior.

What is innate behavior?

Natural born responses (e.g., hot surface hurts).

Who developed 'looking glass theory'?

Charles Cooley; our self-image is influenced by others.

What is Tabula Rasa?

Born a 'blank slate'; knowledge comes from experience.

What is learned behavior?

Behavior that is taught through experiences/observation.

Who developed cognitive development theory?

Jean Piaget; it explains thinking/reasoning from childhood to adulthood.

What is psychological development theory?

Erikson; describes stages of personality growth/social development over a lifetime.

What is socialization?

Lifelong process of learning norms, values, and behaviors.

What is a primary agent of socialization?

Key influences that shape development (e.g., family).

What did Durkheim think of social problems?

Breakdowns in social solidarity; collective solutions are needed.

What is John Bowlby's attachment theory?

Early bonds with infants & caregivers shape relationships.

What is a case study?

In-depth analysis of an individual or group.

What is structural functionalism?

Sees society as a system where each part has a role that maintains stability.

What is conflict theory?

Examines power struggles & inequality within society.

Who created conflict theory?

Karl Marx, focusing on class struggles.

What is symbolic interactionism?

Study how individuals create meaning through social interactions.

What is a norm?

Social acceptance of behaviors/expectations.