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Atherosclerosis
Buildup of fatty deposits on arterial walls
Coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis affecting coronary arteries
Ischemic heart disease
Reduced blood supply to heart muscle
Angina pectoris
Chest pain from inadequate oxygen supply to heart muscle
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Sudden reduced blood flow to heart
Silent myocardial infarction
Heart attack without typical symptoms
Hypertension
Persistently elevated blood pressure
Primary hypertension
High blood pressure with no identifiable cause
Secondary hypertension
High blood pressure from underlying condition
Orthostatic hypotension
Low blood pressure upon standing up
Aneurism
Abnormal bulge in blood vessel wall
Thrombus
Blood clot in blood vessel or heart
Embolism
The blockage of a blood vessel by a clot or other substance that has traveled through the bloodstream.
Varicose veins
Enlarged, twisted veins, usually in the legs, caused by weakened valves and vein walls.
Chronic venous insufficiency
A condition where the veins cannot pump enough blood back to the heart, leading to blood pooling in the legs.
Stasis ulcer
A sore that develops on the skin due to poor blood flow, often occurring in the legs as a result of chronic venous insufficiency.
Deep venous thrombosis
The formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, typically in the legs, which can cause pain and swelling.
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium, the thin sac-like membrane surrounding the heart.
Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the heart muscle that affects its ability to pump blood effectively.
Valvular dysfunction
Abnormal functioning of one or more of the heart valves, leading to disrupted blood flow.
Heart murmur
An unusual sound heard between heartbeats, often indicative of turbulent blood flow within the heart.
Dysrhythmia
An abnormal heart rhythm.
Arrhythmia
Another term for an abnormal heart rhythm, used interchangeably with dysrhythmia.
Sinus rhythm
The normal, regular rhythm of the heart set by the natural pacemaker, the sinoatrial node.
Brachycardia
An abnormally slow heart rate, typically below 60 beats per minute.
Tachycardia
An abnormally fast heart rate, typically above 100 beats per minute.
Sinus arrhythmia
A natural variation in heart rate during the breathing cycle.
Atrial fibrillation
A common type of arrhythmia where the atria beat irregularly and rapidly.
Heart block
A condition where the electrical signals in the heart are partially or completely blocked, affecting heart rhythm.
Ventricular fibrillation
A severe arrhythmia where the ventricles quiver instead of contracting properly, leading to sudden cardiac arrest if not treated immediately.
Asystole
A state of no electrical activity in the heart, resulting in no contractions and no blood flow, also known as cardiac arrest.
Heart failure
A condition where the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs.
Preload
The degree of stretch of the heart muscle fibers at the end of diastole, just before contraction.
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
The principle that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart.
Afterload
The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole.
Contractility
The inherent strength and vigour of the heart's contraction during systole.
Inotropy
The force of heart muscle contraction.
Systolic heart failure
A type of heart failure where the heart muscle cannot contract forcefully enough during systole.
Diastolic heart
A type of heart failure where the heart muscle cannot relax properly during diastole, leading to inadequate filling of the heart.
Left heart failure
Heart failure that primarily affects the left side of the heart, leading to pulmonary congestion and reduced cardiac output.
Congive heart failure
A condition where the heart's function as a pump is inadequate to meet the body's needs, causing fluid buildup in tissues.
Right heart failure
Heart failure that primarily affects the right side of the heart, leading to systemic congestion and edema.
Cor pulmonale
Right heart failure due to chronic lung disease causing increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries.
Decompensated heart failure
Worsening heart failure symptoms despite treatment, indicating the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation.
Dyspnea
Difficulty or labored breathing.
Orthopnea
Difficulty breathing when lying flat.
Edema
Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues.
Shock
A life-threatening condition where blood flow is insufficient to meet the body's needs, leading to cellular and tissue hypoxia.
Cardiogenic shock
Shock resulting from the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood, usually due to severe heart damage.
Hypovolemic shock
Shock caused by significant loss of blood or fluid, leading to inadequate blood volume.
Obstructive shock
Shock due to a physical obstruction in the circulatory system, such as a pulmonary embolism.
Distributive shock
Shock due to widespread vasodilation, leading to a relative reduction in blood volume.
Neurogenic shock
A type of distributive shock caused by the loss of sympathetic nervous system control over blood vessel tone.
Anaphylactic shock
A severe allergic reaction causing widespread vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
Septic shock
A type of distributive shock caused by a severe infection leading to an overwhelming inflammatory response.