ap hug unit4 political

ethnicities + political geography

apartheid

laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas

balkanization

a process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

balkanized

a small geographic area that cannot successfully be organized into stable countries because it is inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other

blockbusting

a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

centripetal force

an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

ethnic cleansing

a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove, by violent and terror-inspiring means, the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas

ethnic enclave

a place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

ethnicity

identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

ethnoburb

a suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population

genocide

the mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

nationality

identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country

race

identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color

racism

the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

racist

a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism

sharecropper

a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the cropst

triangular slave trade

a practice, primarily during the 18th century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa

anocracy

a country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic but rather displays a mix of the two types

autocracy

a country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people

balance of power

a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries

boundary

an invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory

city-state

a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside

colonialism

an attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory

colony

a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent

compact state

a state in which the distance from the center to an boundary does not vary significantly

democracy

a country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office

elongated state

a state with a long, narrow shape

federal state

an internal organization of a state that allocates strong power to units of local government

fragmented state

a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory

frontier

a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control

gerrymandering

the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power

landlocked state

a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea

microstate

a state that encompasses a very small land area

multiethnic state

a state that contains more than one ethnicity

multinational state

a state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self determination that agree to exist peacefully be recognizing each other as distinct nationalities

nation-state

a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity

perforated state

a state that completely surrounds another one

prorupted state

an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension

self-determination

the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

sovereignty

ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

state

an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs

terrorism

the systematic use of violence by a group calculated to create an atmosphere of fear and alarm among a population or to coerce a government into actions it would not otherwise undertake or refrain from actions it wants to take

unitary state

an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials