Topic 2

What do plant cells have that animal cells dont

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell wall

Plasmodesma

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Folds and processes proteins that have been made by ribosomes

Smooth endoplasmic reticlum

Synthesis and processes lipids

Golgi apparatus

Processes and packages new proteins and lipids

3 parts to virus

DNA/RNA

Capsid (protein coat)

Attatchment proteins

Binary fission 4 steps

1 - circular dna replicates once plasmids many times

2 - cell grows and dna move to opposite poles of cells

3 - cytoplasm begins to divide new cell walls form

4 - two daughter cells produced

How do viruses repliate

Attatchment protein binds to complimentary receptor in host cell, inject dna so host will replicate for them

Magnification equation

Size of image / real object

Transmission electron microscopes

High res, thin specimens

Scanning electron microscopes

Low res, 3D image thick specimen

Cell fractionation 3 steps

Homogenisation

Filtration

ultracentrifugation

Heaviest organelles

Nuclei, mitochondria, lysosome

Interphase

DNA unravelled and separated to be replicated turned into sister chromatids

Prophase

Chromosomes condense shorten and fatter, nuclear envelope breaks, centrioles go to poles

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up and attatch to spindle via centromere

Anaphase

Centromères divide, sister chromatids separate and pulled to opposite poles

Telophase

Cytokinesis, 2 daughter cells

6 things in phospholipid bilayer

Cholestérol

Channel proteins

Carrier proteins

Receptor proteins

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

Carrier proteins 3 steps

Large molecule attaches to protein

Protein changes shape

Releases molecule opposite side

Channel protein

form pores in membrane for charged particle to diffuse through

Glucose and sodium ions co transport 4 steps

• sodium ions actively transported out of ileum into blood by sodium-potassium pump - creates conc gradient

• Na+ diffuse from lumen to ileum via co transport protein

• Glucose carried into ileum via co transport protein

• Glucose diffuses out of cell high to low conc into blood via facilitated diffusion channel protein

Antigen

Molécule (protein) that can generate an immune response when detected by the body

Herd immunity

People not vaccinated less likely to get disease due to less people with it to give it to them

How does HIV replicate inside T helper cells

1- attatchment proteins attaches to t cell receptor

2- capsid released into cell releases genetic material

3- reverse transcriptase used to make complimentary DNA strand from viral DNA template

4- double stranded dna made and Inserted into human DNA

5- viral proteins made in human DNA

6- Viral proteins assembled in new virus

What can you use as a test for HIV

ELISA test

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for in medicine

Pregnancy testing and targeting specific cancer cells

Immune response ( 7 steps)

• phagocytosis

• Antigen presenting cell

• Activates t cells - receptors bind to antigen

• Split into specific t cells and activate b cells

• B cells clonal selection - divide into plasma and memory cells

• Plasma cells secrete monoclonal antibodies

• Agglutination