Socialisation and Identity

Pollack - Gender

• They did the chivalry thesis

• This is referring to how women are treated more leniently than men by police

Parsons - Gender

• This is explaining how through the majority of society they believe that women and men both possess qualities that are stereotypical to their gender

Sharpe - Gender

• They discovered how women’s values changed over time

• In the 1970s women didn’t have the kinds of jobs they now have today, they used to always be in the kitchen and taking care of kids

Murray and Hernstein - Gender

• They believed that some people were just naturally born with predispositions such as low IQ and that this might provoke bad behaviour

Mcrobbie and Garber - Gender

• They conducted research on females and how as young girls they would be told to do stereotypical girl things

• This includes reading magazines and gossiping

Oakley - Gender

• They noticed that boys and girls have gender roles constructed by their parents

• This includes girls cooking with their mum and boys fix the car with their dad

King and Smith - Social class

• This study revolves around the upper class

• This study was around the time where universities would accept anyone and give out benefits to underprivileged students

• Upper class students at university all of a sudden felt like their social class identity was stripped because university used to be an exclusive thing

• So they started wearing brands like jack wills to make themselves individual again

Gillies - Social class

• He conducted a study on middle class parents and how they made a lot more effort in their middle class children’s school

• They would join the PTA for example to try and get their children ahead

Hey - Social class

• They recognised the difference in the topics of education that the middle class girls and lower class girls were getting taught

• Middle class girls were actually getting valuable education and lower class would have to be taught how to deal with social inequality

Skeggs - Social class

• He showed in his study how middle class women who wanted to progress in the health industry changed their norms and values to fit in more

Roberts - Social class

• They conducted a study on how the upper class is closed off from everyone and how they appear better and too good for the other lower classes

Ghuman- Ethnicity

• They conducted a study on Asian parents

• They found out that the parenting methods of Asian parents was a lot different than the parenting methods of white British parents

Zempi - Ethinicity

• They highlighted the Islamophobia that is going on within society

• And how people are getting judged for wearing religious symbols

Johal - Ethnicity

• Hybrid identities were identified by him and they are two identities combined into one

• They are influenced and inspired by current cultures and identities

Alexander - Ethnicity

• In his study he identifies how different people use different symbolic markers to express themselves and their ethnicity

• For example, baggy jeans and dreads were commonly worn by black people

Oakley - socialisation

They identified within families how mothers and fathers would call their daughters and sons names that are typical to their gender

For example, my little princess and my brave solider

Hey - socialisation

• They conducted a study on informal social control and how young girls use informal social control on each other in the form of sanctions

• For example by calling each other slags

Waddington - Socialisation

• They conducted a study on police officers and the force and how they behave in canteens during work

• There are good things that new police officers can take from the older ones from the canteen culture but there are also bad things

• Such as racism

Simpson - Sexuality

• They found out that most gay men don’t feel comfortable expressing their sexuality freely or just cannot do it

• They do it only in what is called monospaced such as gay bars

Rich - Sexuality

• They conducted a study on how women are forced to be heterosexual rather than freely pick their sexuality

• This is so there are enough women for men

Todd - Sexuality

• They wrote a book called ‘straight jacket’ and it was about how men feel with not being able to come out and are refraining from doing so

• This book is evidence for the judgemental society we live in today

Fox - Nationality

• They conducted research on the English, looking at the norms we have that make up our culture

• For example tea and talking about the weather

Byrne - Nationality

• They spoke with a couple of immigrants and found out all of them have experienced racism

• However this was ignored and instead citizen ceremonies focused on Britain as a welcoming nation

• This study shows how a national identity is a social construction

Shakespeare - Disability

• They argue that because some people still rely on the theory of the medical model, disabled people are often socialised into seeing themselves as victims

Scott - Disability

• They studied blind people and found out that often observing an interaction between a blind person and a medical professional they developed a blind personality

• This means they were relying on sighted people to help them and direct them

Goffman - Disability

• He conducted a study on master status and how disabled people see themselves negatively when other people have a perception of them

Featherstone - Age

• This study suggests that old people are told how to act and behave at their age and even what they should be doing at their age

• This is called mask of the old

Hockey - Age

• They coined the term ‘infantalisation’ and this term means that old people are doing the opposite of the expectations of old people

• Instead of being less active they are more active for example

Arber and Ginn - Age

• They did a study and carried out research on how old people are still working at their age and even doing voluntary work

• This goes against the mask of the old