SUMMATIVE KEY CONTRIBUTORS

Aristotle

naturalist

• aquisition of knowledge

• humans are governed by rules

Descartes

free-will

• I think therefore I am

• dualism

John Locke

Nature vs Nurture

• blank slate theory (tabula rosa)

Phineas Gage

• survived pole through skull

• extreme changes to personality

• insight into brain function

Wilhelm Wundt

• structuralism

• “birth of psychology” - Germany

• elements of mind

• “ingredients of consciousness”

Edward Titchner

• structuralism

• “birth of psychology” - Germany

• made the first psychology lab

Hippocrates

the father of modern medicine

• psychology is linked to the body

William James

• Functionalism - study behind what we do

• humans have certain traits and behaviors

Edward Thorndike

operant conditioning (punishment vs reinforcement)

• positive vs negative punishments / reinforcements

Ivan Pavlov

Behaviorism

• classical conditioning

• dog salvation experiment

• laid foundation for watson

Mary Whiton Calkins

self-psychology

• the conscious self should be the primary focus of psychology

Margaret Floy Washburn

• animal behavior

• sensation and perception

Sigmund Freud

psychodynamic psychology

• our childhood heavily impacts us throughout our life

• psychosexual stages of development

John Watson

NURTURE

• operational conditioning

• law of effect

BF Skinner

• expanded on Law of Effect

• association with repeating or lessening behaviors

• different rates based on changing the reinforcers and punishments

Carl Rogers

• founder of person-centered psychotherapy

Abraham Maslow

• hierarchy of needs

Jean Piaget

Swiss developmental psychologist

• looked at children in an active way as explorers

• developed 4 stages of development

• sensorimotor / preoperational / concrete operational / formal operational

Legacy

• important to process of childrens thinking

• individual differences in developmental process

Erik Erikson

8 stages of life that coincide with a specific psychological struggle

Charles Darwin

genetics and evolution play a role in human behavior

Robert Sapolsky

• can’t think in buckets

• everything comes back to biology

• biopsychosocial lens

Richard Thaler

• Nudge theory

• behavior changing

• anchoring / availability

• status quo bias

V.S. Ramachandran

experiments and theories in behavioral neurology

• invention of the mirror box

Mary Cover Jones

“mother of behavioral therapy”

• counter conditioning

• pair the “feared” object with something good

Lev Vygotsky

Sociocultural theory of development

• a persons cognitive development is largely influenced by their surrounding culture

• “knowledgeable other”

• zone of proximal development

Kohlberg

6 Stages of Moral Development

• preconventional / conventional / post convventional

• based on Piaget

Noam Chomsky

• language is NATURE

• learning a language is a human trait

• Language Aquisition Device

Benjamin Lee Whorf

• Language shapes a persons basic ideas

• linguistic determinism

• linguistic influence

Eric Lenneberg

NURTURE

• critical period hypothesis

• there is a critical period for everything

Mary ainsworth

Strange situation effect