H Biology unit 2 test

Herbivore teeth

no canines, more molars

Vasodilation

the dilation (Getting bigger) of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure

carnivores

eat other animals

omnivores

eat other animals and plants

herbivores

eat plants

detritivores

eats dead organisms

Thermoregulation

a process that allows your body to maintain its internal temperature

Ectotherms (TuTu)

regulate their body temperature with outside sources (sun)

Endotherms (DoDo)

regulate their body temperature internally

Vasodilation

widening of your blood vessels, this allows when your sweating and it allows more heat to be lost. (happening when so your body is abode body temperature)

Homeostasis

The regulation of internal body temperature

Vasoconstriction

the blood flow to some of your body's tissues becomes restricted. When your body is below temperature, it shrivers. This makes your body to restrict. Your blood vessels becomes farrow, so it takes time to take more pressure fur Blood to travel through Blood vessels.

Incisor

cut/snip (important for herbivores)

Canine

tear/rip (important for carnivores)

Premolars and molars

grind (important for herbivores to grind though
cellulose and carnivores to masticate meat)

Mouth

Saliva contains enzymes (chemical digestion) and teeth break apart food. (mechanical digestion)

Stomach

acid breaks apart large macromolecules and mixes (chemical / mechanical digestion)

Liver and Gallbladder

produce bile to break down fats.

Pancreas

secretes digestive juices (containing enzymes to help break down food) into the Small intestine

Small intestine

absorb nutrients

large intestine /colon

absorb water, packs waste.

Crop

stores food prior to digestion in birds

Gizzard

grind food in bird (mechanical digestion)

Caeca

help regulate chemical composition of wastes, gut microflora, and water absorption in birds

Why do Herbivores have longer intestines than carnivores

because it is more difficult to digest cellulose from plant cells than protein from meat

Why is Metabolic rate different from endotherms and ectothermic animals?

because endotherms burn more Kcal than ectotherms

Four macromolecules are

proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids,
And lipids

Carbohydrates

very important source of energy. The monomer for this is monosaccharide these make up carbohydrates. Monomer are simple sugars(pasta) quick source of energy

lipids

they have two types of building block: Fatty Acid and glycerol, ex: Butter, oil, and many more. Great for insulating Fats are a great source of long term energy.

Proteins

Great for muscle building. Monomers for them are amino acids. In immune system. Enzymes are made up of these

Nucleic acid

Their monomer is nucleotides. Ex: DNA/RNA

Dehydration Synthesis

monomers combining with each other using covalent bands to form larger molecules which this is polymers. monomers release water molecules as by products dehydration means "to put together while losing water"

Hydrolysis

means to Spilt water The water molecule is used during the breakdown. Polymer is broken into two components: one part get one part of water molecule and the other get the other one.

Enzymes

Proteins (type of macromolecules) that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reaction in our bodies. They have the job of breaking down larger molecules into Smaller molecules. Speed up reactions. It is a catalyst which can be used over and over again. The substrate gets attached to the active site. Catalyst can facilitate a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed.

ATP

adenosine triphosphate. The energy currency of cells. In nucleic acids. It has 3 phosphates. Cellular Respiration which they break down sugar to form it. Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration Animals break down glucose to make it

ADP

When ATP loses one phosphate. Cellular respiration has the energy to bring back ATP

what does a phosphate do when it enters a protein?

it gives energy.

Phospholipids

make up the lipid bilayer.

Integral proteins

act as gateways or channels for molecules to enter or exit the cell

Carbohydrates on cell membrane

the exterior Surface of the cell membrane, are used for cells recognition. (our White blood cells can recognize self molecules and bad unknown molecules to know when to attack)

Cholesterol in cell membrane

(a type of Lipid) helps keep the membrane pieces fluid. (able to move around)

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

convert atmospheric N2 to a form plants can take in. These bacteria are found in soil or on the roots on plants.

Decomposing Bacteria

can also convert nitrogen in waste products or dead and decaying animal and plant bodies back into a form plants can take in

Denitrifying bacteria

can convert nitrogen containing compounds in the soil back into atmospheric nitrogen (nitrogen gas)

Artificial selection

a process where humans choose individual organisms with certain Phenotypic trait values for breeding, basically humans chooses what
organisms gets to reproduce

Natural Selection

mechanism of evolution. Organisms that are more adapted to the environment that they are in, they are more likely to survive and pass on genes that they had to survive to their Kids.

Keystone Species

If one animal disappears, then the whole food was crashes. Ex: If elephants died (or went extinct) then the food web collapses. They trample forests and dense grasslands, making room for small Species

Biotic

living factors

abotic

non organism factors

Independent

when any force that affects the size of a populate of living things regardless of density of the population

Dependent

when a factor whose effects on the size or growth of a population vary with the population density. Ex: If a disease broke out then the density population will be affected

Quadrat

Square counted directly.

Mark and recapture

counting the individuals (to hold Still)

Transect

Flying over and counting that way

Male flower structure

anthers on the stamen which are pollen producing.

Female

carpel holds the ovary and thus the ovuls

Where do flower embryos come from?

Flower ovuls and pollen mix after going down the stigma and carpel tunnel

Germination

the process of the seed breaking open and the first root shoot emerging. The endosperm provides food for the embryo with the seed. Fermentation helps to get energy.

How photosynthesis works

Roots absorb water, stems hold up leaves, leaves take in carbon dioxide and solar energy. H2O + CO2 + Sunlight

Prophase (preparation)

DNA condenses into nuclear envelope and disintegrates

Metaphase(mid line)

Chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell by the spindle fibers

Anaphase (apart)

The two halves of duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart toward separate poles of the cells

Telophase (two nuclei)

The new nuclear envelopes are built around the chromosomes, often overlaps with cytokinesi

Animals that are Ectotherms

Amphibians, reptiles, most fish, invertebrates

Animals that are endotherms

Mammals, birds, few fish (pacific fish)

Eukaryotic cells

Nucleus, organelles, linear DNA

Animals and plants etc.

Prokaryotic cells

No nucleus, single cells, circular DNA

Bacteria etc.

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells both have

Cell membrane and ribosomes

Cellular respiration

the process our cells use to break down fuel (Glucose) and store the energy as ATP

C6H12O6 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP